From: Plasmodium vivax in vitro continuous culture: the spoke in the wheel
Date | Parasite source | Reticulocyte source | Type of culture | Culture period [days or cycles (when explicitly stated)] | Contribution | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1912 | Infected patients | Human erythrocytes | Short-term | 8 | The first attempt to culture P. vivax. Defibrinated or citrated human blood seemed to be the most favourable culture medium | [53] |
1913 | Infected patients | Human erythrocytes | Short-term | 8 | This showed that P. vivax could be grown at 39 °C | [54] |
1947 | Infected patients | Human erythrocytes | Short-term | 8 | Tissue cultures were made from the fatty layer and from the buffy coat after it had been clotted with chick embryo extract | [86] |
1979 | Vietnam Palo Alto strain from Aotus monkeys and infected patients | Monkey red blood cell fraction | Short-term | 8 | First culture of P. vivax derived from on-going infection in Aotus monkeys | [57] |
1981 | Infected patient | Human RBC | Long-term | 43 | The first report of maintaining P. vivax for 20 cycles | [8] |
1984 | Infected patients | Human erythrocytes | Short-term | 4 | Magnesium chloride was important as culture supplement | [59] |
1985 | Infected patients (43 isolates) | Human RBC | Short-term | 6 | Three different culture media were used: better results were obtained with SCMI 612 than RPMI 1640 and/or Waymouth | [58] |
1987 | Belem strain from Saimiri monkeys enriched with Percoll (54%) | Reticulocyte-enriched human peripheral blood with Percoll (65%) | Invasion assay | Not provided | P. vivax Mrz invasion depends on Fy6 presence | [70] |
1988 | Infected patients. 8 isolates enriched with Nycodenz (58–60%) | UCB, bone marrow and human peripheral blood from haemolytic anaemia patients | Short-term | 4 | The parasite was concentrated during ring and trophozoite stages to improve invasion rate | [60] |
1988 | Palo Alto strain from Aotus nancymaae | Monkey blood after artificially induced anaemia | Invasion assay | 5 cycles | Parasites were grown in continuous shaking conditions to increase Mrz contact with target cells | [61] |
1989 | Belem strain from monkeys enriched with Percoll (54%) | Reticulocyte-enriched human peripheral blood and monkey blood with Percoll (65%) | Invasion assay | Not provided | Confirmed the role of the Duffy blood group antigen as a ligand for P. vivax Mrz | [62] |
1991 | Infected patients | Human erythrocytes | Short-term | 15 | Good growth in the presence of liver extract | [63] |
1991 | Infected patients | Human erythrocytes | Short-term | 4 | Parasite density doubled after 96Â h | [64] |
1992 | Chesson strain in Saimiri monkeys | Reticulocyte-enriched human and monkey blood by Percoll/Renografin-60 | Short-term | 22 | The flow-vessel system was the best method available at the time | [56] |
1997 | Chesson strain in Aotus nancymaae and A. lemurinus griseimembra | Reticulocyte-enriched haemochromatosis blood by homologous plasma differential centrifugation or Percoll (60%) | Short-term | 15 | This study described the differential centrifugation as an effective method for host cell enrichment. Blood from haemochromatosis patients may be invaded easily by P. vivax | [7] |
2000 | Infected patients | Human cord | Long-term | 52 | Parasite re-invasion was maintained for 7 to 8Â days | [87] |
2001 | Infected patients suffering acute infection | None | Short-term | 12 | The P. vivax culture was maintained without adding fresh reticulocytes to the medium | [65] |
2007 | Infected patients (15 isolates) | UCB and patients with haemochromatosis | Long-term | 40 | Cultures supplemented with haemochromatosis patients’ reticulocytes were maintained for a longer time than those supplemented with UCB | [12] |
2007 | Infected patients. 7 isolates enriched with Percoll (60%) | Culturing HSC-derived reticulocytes enriched with Percoll (50-60%) | Long-term | 85 | Parasites could invade nucleated cells and erythroblasts which are mostly found in bone marrow | [10] |
2011 | Infected patients [schizonts enriched with Percoll (45%)] | Reticulocytes enriched from UCB with Percoll (70%) | Invasion assay | 2 cycles | A new protocol for culturing P. vivax in laboratories located in endemic countries was developed | [11] |
2012 | Acute infection and cryopreserved isolates | Reticulocytes enriched from UCB with Percoll (70%) | Short-term | 10 | It was shown that cryopreserved samples (parasites and reticulocytes) could be used for invasion and initiate short-term culture | [18] |
2012 | Infected patients. Isolates cryopreserved for 3Â years | Culturing HSC-derived reticulocytes (cryopreserved for 1Â year) | Invasion assay | Not provided | HSC-derived reticulocytes could guarantee a more homogenous and standardized reticulocyte population | [9] |
2012 | Infected patients | The same infected patients | Short-term | 3 | Wild isolates were preserved in wet ice for 9–10 days | [13] |
2013 | Infected patients | Culturing HSC-derived CD34+ from bone marrow or human peripheral blood | Short-term | Not provided | It was shown that CD34 + hHSC from peripheral blood and bone marrow could be expanded and differentiated to reticulocytes using a novel stromal cell. It was suggested that the absence of fetal haemoglobin could improve P. vivax invasion | [66] |
2014 | AMRU-I strain in Aotus nancymaae | Culturing HSC-derived CD34+ from UCB (these were cryopreserved after 8Â days culture) | Short-term | 4 | A substantial amount (up to 0.8% of the cells) of newly invaded reticulocytes was obtained 24Â h after initial culture | [17] |
2015 | Infected patients (30 isolates) | HSC culture, reticulocyte enriched peripheral blood [with Nycodenz (19%)] and SCU | Long-term | 780 | The only study to date which has managed to maintain the culture for a prolonged time (26 months), with 0.01%. parasitaemia. Reticulocytes obtained from adults’ peripheral blood and enriched on Nycodenz seemed to improve parasite maturation conditions, as well as gametocytes obtained in four of the cultured isolates. Nycodenz had no notable toxic effects on cells and was thus appropriate for enriching them and favoured parasite invasion during long-term P. vivax infection | [14] |
2015 | Infected patients (15 isolates) | UCB | Short-term | Not provided | McCoy’s 5A medium supplemented with l-glutamine, HEPES buffer, NaHCO3, hypoxanthine, 0.5% Albumax II (a new compound) and gentamicin was useful for culturing P. vivax | [67] |
2016 | Sal-1strain in Aotus lemurinus | Haemochromatosis patients or buffy packs enriched with modified differential centrifugation, Percoll (70%) or CD71+ coupled immunomagnetic bead-based purification method | Short-term | 14 | Reticulocytes enriched by differential centrifugation in homologous plasma (20%) were more apt to be invaded by P. vivax parasites. GlutaMAX did indeed improve parasite viability, growth and development compared to traditional l-glutamine | [15] |
2017 | Infected patients (cryopreserved isolates) | Saimiri boliviensis and human blood | Long-term | 233 | Parasites could re-invade monkey and human erythrocytes. Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) was effective for P. vivax culture | [69] |