Skip to main content

Table 1 Studies related to Plasmodium vivax in vitro culture development

From: Plasmodium vivax in vitro continuous culture: the spoke in the wheel

Date

Parasite source

Reticulocyte source

Type of culture

Culture period [days or cycles (when explicitly stated)]

Contribution

Refs

1912

Infected patients

Human erythrocytes

Short-term

8

The first attempt to culture P. vivax.

Defibrinated or citrated human blood seemed to be the most favourable culture medium

[53]

1913

Infected patients

Human erythrocytes

Short-term

8

This showed that P. vivax could be grown at 39 °C

[54]

1947

Infected patients

Human erythrocytes

Short-term

8

Tissue cultures were made from the fatty layer and from the buffy coat after it had been clotted with chick embryo extract

[86]

1979

Vietnam Palo Alto strain from Aotus monkeys and infected patients

Monkey red blood cell fraction

Short-term

8

First culture of P. vivax derived from on-going infection in Aotus monkeys

[57]

1981

Infected patient

Human RBC

Long-term

43

The first report of maintaining P. vivax for 20 cycles

[8]

1984

Infected patients

Human erythrocytes

Short-term

4

Magnesium chloride was important as culture supplement

[59]

1985

Infected patients (43 isolates)

Human RBC

Short-term

6

Three different culture media were used: better results were obtained with SCMI 612 than RPMI 1640 and/or Waymouth

[58]

1987

Belem strain from Saimiri monkeys enriched with Percoll (54%)

Reticulocyte-enriched human peripheral blood with Percoll (65%)

Invasion assay

Not provided

P. vivax Mrz invasion depends on Fy6 presence

[70]

1988

Infected patients. 8 isolates enriched with Nycodenz (58–60%)

UCB, bone marrow and human peripheral blood from haemolytic anaemia patients

Short-term

4

The parasite was concentrated during ring and trophozoite stages to improve invasion rate

[60]

1988

Palo Alto strain from Aotus nancymaae

Monkey blood after artificially induced anaemia

Invasion assay

5 cycles

Parasites were grown in continuous shaking conditions to increase Mrz contact with target cells

[61]

1989

Belem strain from monkeys enriched with Percoll (54%)

Reticulocyte-enriched human peripheral blood and monkey blood with Percoll (65%)

Invasion assay

Not provided

Confirmed the role of the Duffy blood group antigen as a ligand for P. vivax Mrz

[62]

1991

Infected patients

Human erythrocytes

Short-term

15

Good growth in the presence of liver extract

[63]

1991

Infected patients

Human erythrocytes

Short-term

4

Parasite density doubled after 96 h

[64]

1992

Chesson strain in Saimiri monkeys

Reticulocyte-enriched human and monkey blood by Percoll/Renografin-60

Short-term

22

The flow-vessel system was the best method available at the time

[56]

1997

Chesson strain in Aotus nancymaae and A. lemurinus griseimembra

Reticulocyte-enriched haemochromatosis

blood by homologous plasma differential centrifugation or Percoll (60%)

Short-term

15

This study described the differential centrifugation as an effective method for host cell enrichment. Blood from haemochromatosis patients may be invaded easily by P. vivax

[7]

2000

Infected patients

Human cord

Long-term

52

Parasite re-invasion was maintained for 7 to 8 days

[87]

2001

Infected patients suffering acute infection

None

Short-term

12

The P. vivax culture was maintained without adding fresh reticulocytes to the medium

[65]

2007

Infected patients (15 isolates)

UCB and patients with haemochromatosis

Long-term

40

Cultures supplemented with haemochromatosis patients’ reticulocytes were maintained for a longer time than those supplemented with UCB

[12]

2007

Infected patients. 7 isolates enriched with Percoll (60%)

Culturing HSC-derived reticulocytes enriched with Percoll (50-60%)

Long-term

85

Parasites could invade nucleated cells and erythroblasts which are mostly found in bone marrow

[10]

2011

Infected patients [schizonts enriched with Percoll (45%)]

Reticulocytes enriched from UCB with Percoll (70%)

Invasion assay

2 cycles

A new protocol for culturing P. vivax in laboratories located in endemic countries was developed

[11]

2012

Acute infection and cryopreserved isolates

Reticulocytes enriched from UCB with Percoll (70%)

Short-term

10

It was shown that cryopreserved samples (parasites and reticulocytes) could be used for invasion and initiate short-term culture

[18]

2012

Infected patients. Isolates cryopreserved for 3 years

Culturing HSC-derived reticulocytes (cryopreserved for 1 year)

Invasion assay

Not provided

HSC-derived reticulocytes could guarantee a more homogenous and standardized reticulocyte population

[9]

2012

Infected patients

The same infected patients

Short-term

3

Wild isolates were preserved in wet ice for 9–10 days

[13]

2013

Infected patients

Culturing HSC-derived CD34+ from bone marrow or human peripheral blood

Short-term

Not provided

It was shown that CD34 + hHSC from peripheral blood and bone marrow could be expanded and differentiated to reticulocytes using a novel stromal cell. It was suggested that the absence of fetal haemoglobin could improve P. vivax invasion

[66]

2014

AMRU-I strain in Aotus nancymaae

Culturing HSC-derived CD34+ from UCB (these were cryopreserved after 8 days culture)

Short-term

4

A substantial amount (up to 0.8% of the cells) of newly invaded reticulocytes was obtained 24 h after initial culture

[17]

2015

Infected patients (30 isolates)

HSC culture, reticulocyte enriched peripheral blood [with Nycodenz (19%)] and SCU

Long-term

780

The only study to date which has managed to maintain the culture for a prolonged time (26 months), with 0.01%. parasitaemia.

Reticulocytes obtained from adults’ peripheral blood and enriched on Nycodenz seemed to improve parasite maturation conditions, as well as gametocytes obtained in four of the cultured isolates.

Nycodenz had no notable toxic effects on cells and was thus appropriate for enriching them and favoured parasite invasion during long-term P. vivax infection

[14]

2015

Infected patients (15 isolates)

UCB

Short-term

Not provided

McCoy’s 5A medium supplemented with l-glutamine, HEPES buffer, NaHCO3, hypoxanthine, 0.5% Albumax II (a new compound) and gentamicin was useful for culturing P. vivax

[67]

2016

Sal-1strain in Aotus lemurinus

Haemochromatosis patients or buffy packs enriched with modified differential centrifugation, Percoll (70%) or CD71+ coupled immunomagnetic bead-based purification method

Short-term

14

Reticulocytes enriched by differential centrifugation in homologous plasma (20%) were more apt to be invaded by P. vivax parasites.

GlutaMAX did indeed improve parasite viability, growth and development compared to traditional l-glutamine

[15]

2017

Infected patients (cryopreserved isolates)

Saimiri boliviensis and human blood

Long-term

233

Parasites could re-invade monkey and human erythrocytes.

Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) was effective for P. vivax culture

[69]