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Table 2 Potential risk or protective covariates collected from remote sensing and GIS-based sources

From: Detecting local risk factors for residual malaria in northern Ghana using Bayesian model averaging

Variable

Source/satellite

Details

Distance to health facility

GIS-derived

Euclidean distance from active health facility at time of survey (based on survey location)

Distance to main roads

GIS-derived [81]

Euclidean distance from major roads

Distance to urban centers

GIS-derived

Euclidean distance from center with population ≥ 5000 individuals

Distance to water bodies

GIS-derived [82]

Euclidean distance from rivers and standing water bodies

Elevation

CGIAR SRTM [83]

Meters above sea level

Land surface temperature—daya

NASA (Terra) MOD13A3 (Aqua) MYD13A3 [84]

Average monthly daytime temperature (in degrees Celsius) 30 days prior to a survey

Land surface temperature—night

NASA (Terra) MOD13A3 and (Aqua) MYD13A3 [84]

Average monthly nighttime temperature (in degrees Celsius) 30 days prior to a survey

Normalized difference vegetative indexa

NASA (Terra) MOD13A3 and (Aqua) MYD13A3 [85]

The maximum monthly index 30 days prior to a survey

Population density

WorldPop [86]

Population density per 100 m grid, log-transformed

Population density (≤ 5 y.o.)a

WorldPop [86]

Population under 5 years of age density per 100 m grid, log-transformed

Rainfall (historical)a

WorldClim [87]

Average of the cumulative sum of precipitation from 3 to 1 month prior to the survey date from past 50 years

Rainfall (current)a

FEWSNET [88]

Average of the cumulative sum of precipitation from 3 to 1 month prior to survey

Slope

GIS-derived (from elevation)

 
  1. aRemoved from models due to high correlations (R2 ≥ 0.49) with one or more other variables