Variable | Null model | Model I aOR (95% CI) | Model II aOR (95% CI) | Model III aOR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Individual-level factors | ||||
 Age (years) | ||||
  15–24 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  25–34 |  | 0.76 (0.54–1.08) |  | 0.74 (0.53–1.05) |
  ≥ 35 |  | 0.90 (0.55–1.49) |  | 0.89 (0.54–1.47) |
 Education | ||||
  No education |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Primary education |  | 1.99 (0.78–1.83) |  | 1.24 (0.81–1.92) |
  Secondary+ |  | 1.42 (0.86–2.36) |  | 1.49 (0.89–1.49) |
 Occupation | ||||
  Unemployed |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Employed |  | 1.06 (0.83–1.35) |  | 1.05 (0.81–1.37) |
 Religion |  |  |  |  |
  Muslim and others |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Catholic |  | 0.86 (0.57–1.30) |  | 0.82 (0.53–1.25) |
  Protestant |  | 0.81 (0.57–1.15) |  | 0.77 (0.54–1.11) |
 Wealth | ||||
  Poor |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Middle |  | 1.23 (0.89–2.61) |  | 1.16 (0.85–1.57) |
  Rich |  | 0.93 (0.68–1.27) |  | 0.96 (0.61–1.51) |
 Region | ||||
  Northern |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Central |  | 1.82** (1.28–2.59) |  | 1.66* (1.12–2.45) |
  Southern |  | 1.27 (0.99–1.78) |  | 1.15 (0.79–1.68) |
 Residence | ||||
  Rural |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Urban |  | 1.48* (1.02–2.14) |  | 1.63* (1.04–2.55) |
 Altitude (m) | ||||
  < 1600 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  ≥ 1600 |  | 0.38 (0.91–1.64) |  | 0.33 (0.08–1.38) |
 Parity | ||||
  Primigravida |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Secundigravida |  | 1.79** (1.22–2.61) |  | 1.79** (1.23–2.62) |
  Multigravida |  | 1.92** (1.25–2.97) |  | 1.97** (1.28–3.28) |
 Number of children under 5 years in HH | ||||
  One |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  None |  | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) |  | 1.01 (0.75–1.37) |
  ≥ 2 |  | 1.19 (0.83–1.72) |  | 1.19 (0.83–1.72) |
 Number of HH members | ||||
  ≥ 5 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  < 5 |  | 2.38*** (1.78–3.18) |  | 2.33*** (1.74–3.11) |
 Number of ITNs in HH |  |  |  |  |
  < 2 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  ≥ 2 |  | 4.68*** (3.57–6.15) |  | 4.25*** (3.19–5.64) |
 IRS | ||||
  No |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Yes |  | 1.33 (0.84–2.10) |  | 1.26 (0.77–0.26) |
 Media exposure | ||||
  No |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Yes |  | 1.05 (0.82–1.35) |  | 1.06 (0.83–1.36) |
 Distance to HF | ||||
  Problem |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  No problem |  | 1.39** (1.09–1.79) |  | 1.44* (1.09–1.89) |
 Women’s autonomy in HC decisions | ||||
  Self |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Husband alone |  | 1.19 (0.78–1.83) |  | 1.07 (0.74–1.54) |
  With others |  | 0.91 (0.64–1.29) |  | 0.92 (0.64–1.31) |
 Health behaviour | ||||
  Poor |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Moderate |  | 0.99 (0.69–1.44) |  | 1.01 (0.69–1.45) |
  Good |  | 1.34 (0.89–2.01) |  | 1.35 (0.89–2.03) |
Community-level factors | ||||
 Community employment | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 1.11 (0.85–1.48) | 1.20 (0.88–1.64) |
  High |  |  | 1.00 (0.75–1.33) | 1.02 (0.72–1.44) |
 Community education | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 1.06 (0.81–1.40) | 1.04 (0.76–1.41) |
  High |  |  | 0.70* (0.51–0.97) | 0.75 (0.51–1.09) |
 Community wealth | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 1.12 (0.84–1.47) | 1.16 (0.85–1.57) |
  High |  |  | 1.21 (0.85–1.71) | 0.96 (0.61–1.51) |
 Community distance to HF | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 0.87 (0.64–1.18) | 1.04 (0.73–1.47) |
  High |  |  | 0.78 (0.57–1.08) | 1.03 (0.69–1.54) |
 Community ITN coverage | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 1.44** (1.09–1.91) | 1.16 (0.76–1.41) |
  High |  |  | 2.33*** (1.74–3.12) | 1.47* (1.05–2.06) |
 Community women’s autonomy in HC decisions | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 1.22 (0.92–1.59) | 1.16 (0.73–1.47) |
  High |  |  | 1.09 (0.83–1.45) | 1.03 (0.73–1.38) |
 Community IRS coverage |  |  |  |  |
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  High |  |  | 1.03 (0.81–1.32) | 1.02 (0.76–1.35) |
 Measure of variation | ||||
  Area variance (95% CI) | 0.429 (0.202–0.912) | 0.321 (0.117–0.881) | 0.231 (0.068–0.785) | 0.259 (0.077–0.873) |
  ICC (%) | 11.6 | 8.9 | 6.6 | 7.3 |
  MOR | 1.87 | 1.71 | 1.58 | 1.62 |
  PCV (%) | Ref. | 25.2 | 46.2 | 39.6 |
 Model fit statistic | ||||
  AIC | 2220.7 | 2024.2 | 2192.2 | 2036.9 |