Variable | Null model | Model I aOR (95% CI) | Model II aOR (95% CI) | Model III aOR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Individual-level factors | ||||
 Age (years) | ||||
  15–24 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  25–34 |  | 0.95 (0.83–1.08) |  | 0.95 (0.84–1.09) |
  ≥ 35 |  | 0.87 (0.75–1.02) |  | 0.88 (0.75–1.02) |
 Education | ||||
  No education |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Primary education |  | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) |  | 1.03 (0.90–1.17) |
  Secondary+ |  | 1.44*** (01.20–1.73) |  | 1.04 (0.92–1.76) |
 Occupation | ||||
  Unemployed |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Employed |  | 0.95 (0.85–1.04) |  | 0.94 (0.85–1.05) |
 Religion | ||||
  Muslim and others |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Catholic |  | 0.98 (0.81–1.17) |  | 0.93 (0.78–1.12) |
  Protestant |  | 0.94 (0.80–1.10) |  | 0.90 (0.77–1.06) |
 Wealth | ||||
  Poor |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Middle |  | 1.13* (1.00–1.28) |  | 1.13* (1.01–1.28) |
  Rich |  | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) |  | 1.06 (0.93–1.20) |
 Region |  |  |  |  |
  Northern |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Central |  | 1.53*** (1.28–1.83) |  | 1.46*** (1.19–1.78) |
  Southern |  | 1.49*** (1.25–1.77) |  | 1.40*** (1.16–1.70) |
 Residence | ||||
  Rural |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Urban |  | 1.42* (1.19–1.69) |  | 1.48** (1.18–1.84) |
 Altitude (m) |  |  |  |  |
  < 1600 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  ≥ 1600 |  | 0.69 (0.29–1.69) |  | 0.63 (0.25–1.52) |
 Parity | ||||
  Primigravida |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Secundigravida |  | 5.11*** (2.69–9.69) |  | 4.97*** (2.62–9.43) |
  Multigravida |  | 4.67*** (2.47–8.83) |  | 4.55*** (2.40–8.61) |
 Number of children under 5 years in HH | ||||
  One |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  ≥ 2 |  | 1.12* (1.01–1.23) |  | 1.12* (1.01–1.24) |
 Number of HH members | ||||
  ≥ 5 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  < 5 |  | 1.85*** (1.65–2.07) |  | 1.85*** (1.65–2.08) |
 Number of ITNs in HH | ||||
  < 2 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  ≥ 2 |  | 7.22*** (6.52–7.99) |  | 6.89*** (6.19–7.65) |
 IRS | ||||
  No |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Yes |  | 1.09 (0.89–1.33) |  | 1.06 (0.86–1.31) |
 Media exposure | ||||
  No |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Yes |  | 1.07 (0.97–1.77) |  | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) |
 Distance to HF | ||||
  Problem |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  No problem |  | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) |  | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) |
 Women’s autonomy in HC decisions | ||||
  Self |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Husband alone |  | 1.03 (0.91–1.18) |  | 1.02 (0.90–1.17) |
  With others |  | 0.06 (0.94–1.20) |  | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) |
 Health behaviour | ||||
  Poor |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Moderate |  | 1.00 (0.85–1.15) |  | 1.00 (0.87–1.16) |
  Good |  | 1.19* (1.01–1.39) |  | 1.19* (1.01–1.39) |
Community-level factors | ||||
 Community employment | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 1.09 (0.96–1.25) | 1.08 (0.92–1.25) |
  High |  |  | 1.01 (0.87–1.16) | 0.97 (0.82–1.14) |
 Community education | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 1.04 (0.90–1.19) | 0.96 (0.82–1.12) |
  High |  |  | 0.95 (0.81–1.11) | 0.94 (0.78–1.14) |
 Community wealth | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 0.99 (0.85–1.16) |
  High |  |  | 1.05 (0.88–1.25) | 0.81 (0.64–1.01) |
 Community distance HF | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 0.89 (0.77–1.04) | 0.92 (0.77–1.09) |
  High |  |  | 0.90 (0.77–1.06) | 0.97 (0.79–1.17) |
 Community ITN coverage | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 1.67*** (1.46–1.93) | 1.19* (1.02–1.38) |
  High |  |  | 3.05*** (2.64–3.52) | 1.35*** (1.14–1.60) |
 Community women’s autonomy in HC decisions | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 1.08 (0.94–1.23) | 1.01 (0.86–1.17) |
  High |  |  | 1.27* (1.11–1.45) | 1.18* (1.00–1.38) |
 Community IRS coverage | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  High |  |  | 1.05 (0.94–1.23) | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) |
 Measure of variation | ||||
  Area variance (95% CI) | 0.535 (0.449–0.637) | 0.403 (0.325–0.498) | 0.297 (0.237–0.372) | 0.380 (0.305–0.473) |
  ICC (%) | 13.9 | 10.9 | 8.3 | 10.4 |
  MOR | 2.01 | 1.83 | 1.68 | 1.80 |
  PCV (%) | Ref. | 24.7 | 44.5 | 29.0 |
 Model fit statistic | ||||
  AIC | 14,990.2 | 13,012.8 | 14,753.5 | 13,017.2 |