Variable | Null model | Model I aOR (95% CI) | Model II aOR (95% CI) | Model III aOR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Individual-level factors | ||||
 Age (years) | ||||
  15–24 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  25–34 |  | 1.08 (0.75–1.56) |  | 1.05 (0.77–1.59) |
  ≥ 35 |  | 1.03 (0.71–1.50) |  | 1.07 (0.74–1.55) |
 Education | ||||
  No education |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Primary education |  | 0.95 (0.74–1.22) |  | 0.98 (0.76–1.28) |
  Secondary+ |  | 0.89 (0.65–1.24) |  | 0.94 (0.67–1.32) |
 Occupation | ||||
  Unemployed |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Employed |  | 1.01 (0.82–1.24) |  | 1.02 (0.82–1.28) |
 Religion | ||||
  Muslim and others |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Catholic |  | 0.63* (0.44–0.90) |  | 0.64* (0.44–0.91) |
  Protestant |  | 0.76 (0.55–1.05) |  | 0.75 (0.54–1.03) |
 Wealth | ||||
  Poor |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Middle |  | 0.92 (0.69–1.19) |  | 0.93 (0.69–1.99) |
  Rich |  | 0.78 (0.54–1.35) |  | 1.81 (0.56–1.17) |
 Region | ||||
  Northern |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Central |  | 1.53** (1.15–2.03) |  | 1.53** (1.12–2.09) |
  Southern |  | 1.31* (1.00–1.72) |  | 1.34* (1.00–1.81) |
 Residence | ||||
  Rural |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Urban |  | 1.53** (1.18–1.98) |  | 1.57** (1.14–2.16) |
 Altitude (m) | ||||
  < 1600 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  ≥ 1600 |  | 0.68 (0.17–2.82) |  | 0.51 (0.54–1.04) |
 Parity | ||||
  Primigravida |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Secundigravida |  | 0.91 (0.69–1.19) |  | 0.93 (0.63–1.28) |
  Multigravida |  | 0.78 (0.54–1.35) |  | 0.81 (0.56–1.17) |
 Number of HH members | ||||
  ≥ 5 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  < 5 |  | 1.67*** (1.37–2.03) |  | 1.66*** (1.37–2.02) |
 Number of ITNs in HH | ||||
  < 2 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  ≥ 2 |  | 11.89*** (9.6–14.7) |  | 10.72*** (8.59–13.37) |
 IRS | ||||
  No |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Yes |  | 1.45 (0.99–2.15) |  | 1.24 (0.82–1.88) |
 Media exposure | ||||
  No |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Yes |  | 1.10 (0.91–1.34) |  | 1.11 (0.91–1.35) |
 Distance to HF | ||||
  Problem |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  No problem |  | 1.01 (0.84–1.22) |  | 1.09 (0.89–1.35) |
 Women’s autonomy in HC decisions | ||||
  Self |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Husband alone |  | 0.99 (0.77–1.29) |  | 0.99 (0.97–1.28) |
  With others |  | 1.14 (0.91–1.43) |  | 1.11 (0.87–1.40) |
 Health behaviour | ||||
  Poor |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Moderate |  | 1.21 (0.89–1.65) |  | 1.21 (0.89–1.65) |
  Good |  | 1.22 (0.87–1.70) |  | 1.22 (0.88–1.71) |
Community-level factors | ||||
 Community employment | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 1.02 (0.82–1.26) | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) |
  High |  |  | 1.02 (0.82–1.28) | 0.95 (0.73–1.34) |
 Community education | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) | 0.94 (0.73–1.20) |
  High |  |  | 0.79 (0.61–1.01) | 0.93 (0.69–1.26) |
 Community wealth | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 1.13 (0.89–1.42) | 1.05 (0.81–1.36) |
  High |  |  | 1.23 (0.93–1.61) | 0.99 (0.69–1.41) |
 Community distance to HF | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) | 1.14 (0.86–1.49) |
  High |  |  | 0.96 (0.75–1.25) | 1.36 (0.99–1.86) |
 Community ITN coverage | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 2.00*** (1.59–2.50) | 1.36* (1.06–1.75) |
  High |  |  | 3.95*** (3.14–4.98) | 1.49** (1.15–1.96) |
 Community women’s autonomy in HC decisions | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Middle |  |  | 1.03 (0.68–1.05) | 0.94 (0.73–1.21) |
  High |  |  | 1.19 (0.97–1.49) | 1.12 (0.87–1.45) |
 Community IRS coverage | ||||
  Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  High |  |  | 1.16 (0.96–1.42) | 1.22 (0.97–1.54) |
 Measure of variation | ||||
  Area variance (95% CI) | 0.684 (0.492–0.949) | 0.347 (0.191–0.631) | 0.293 (0.168–0.511) | 0.293 (0.148–0.579) |
  ICC (%) | 17.2 | 9.6 | 8.2 | 8.2 |
  MOR | 2.20 | 1.76 | 1.68 | 1.68 |
  PCV (%) | Ref. | 49.3 | 57.2 | 57.2 |
 Model fit statistic | ||||
  AIC | 4279.9 | 3496.8 | 4135.6 | 3504.4 |