Table 2 Comparison of characteristics by insecticide-treated net (ITN) usage across survey waves
Variable | 2010 n = 12,378 | p value | 2015–2016 n = 10,196 | p value a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) Yes n = 7151 | n (%) No n = 5227 | n (%) Yes n = 7033 | n (%) No n = 3163 | |||
Child factors | ||||||
Age (months) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
≤ 12 | 1914 (63.1) | 1118 (36.9) | 1965 (75.3) | 643 (24.7) | ||
13–23 | 1463 (60.7) | 946 (39.3) | 1297 (73.6) | 465 (26.4) | ||
24–59 | 3774 (54.4) | 3163 (45.6) | 3771 (64.7) | 2055 (35.3) | ||
Gender of child | 0.202 | 0.917 | ||||
Male | 3446 (57.0) | 2599 (43.0) | 3506 (69.0) | 1571 (31.0) | ||
Female | 3705 (58.5) | 2628 (41.5) | 3527 (68.9) | 1592 (31.1) | ||
Maternal characteristics | ||||||
Maternal age (years) | 0.012 | 0.038 | ||||
15–24 | 2431 (58.2) | 1749 (41.8) | 2617 (70.8) | 1083 (29.2) | ||
24–34 | 3497 (59.1) | 2418 (40.9) | 3138 (68.8) | 1426 (31.2) | ||
≥ 35 | 1223 (53.6) | 1060 (46.4) | 1278 (66.1) | 654 (33.9) | ||
Educational level | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
No formal education | 1009 (50.8) | 878 (49.2) | 712 (59.7) | 480 (40.3) | ||
Primary | 4702 (56.6) | 3608 (43.4) | 4552 (67.9) | 2156 (32.1) | ||
Secondary/Post-secondary | 1440 (69.2) | 641 (30.8) | 1769 (77.0) | 527 (23.0) | ||
Employed | 0.131 | 0.004 | ||||
No | 1784 (59.8) | 1201 (40.2) | 2131 (71.8) | 838 (28.2) | ||
Yes | 5367 (57.1) | 4027 (42.9) | 4902 (67.8) | 2325 (32.2) | ||
Ethnicity | 0.019 | 0.043 | ||||
Chewa | 2529 (58.4) | 1797 (41.6) | 2380 (66.7) | 1186 (33.3) | ||
Tumbuka | 565 (52.2) | 516 (47.8) | 663 (70.7) | 275 (29.3) | ||
Lomwe | 1125 (55.9) | 889 (44.1) | 1307 (70.5) | 547 (29.5) | ||
Yao | 904 (55.3) | 730 (44.7) | 1017 (67.9) | 481 (32.1) | ||
Ngoni | 882 (60.9) | 567 (39.1) | 855 (74.1) | 299 (25.9) | ||
Others | 1146 (61.1) | 728 (38.9) | 811 (68.3) | 375 (31.7) | ||
Marital status | < 0.001 | 0.002 | ||||
Unmarried | 670 (49.1) | 696 (50.9) | 919 (64.3) | 511 (35.7) | ||
Married | 6481 (58.9) | 4531 (41.1) | 6114 (69.7) | 2652 (30.3) | ||
Religion | 0.001 | 0.361 | ||||
Catholic | 1590 (59.9) | 1065 (40.1) | 1351 (71.1) | 549 (28.9) | ||
Protestant | 1587 (61.5) | 994 (38.5) | 1567 (68.8) | 712 (31.2) | ||
Muslim and others | 3974 (55.6) | 3168 (44.4) | 4115 (68.4) | 1902 (31.6) | ||
Health behaviour | < 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Undesirable | 4363 (55.3) | 3526 (44.7) | 2887 (64.9) | 1560 (35.1) | ||
Desirable | 2788 (62.1) | 1701 (37.9) | 4146 (72.1) | 1603 (27.9) | ||
Household factors | ||||||
Wealth | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Poorest | 1159 (50.3) | 1144 (49.7) | 1372 (64.8) | 746 (35.2) | ||
Poorer | 1394 (52.8) | 1249 (47.2) | 1531 (67.0) | 753 (33.0) | ||
Middle | 1633 (58.6) | 1153 (41.4) | 1415 (68.2) | 661 (31.8) | ||
Richer | 1392 (59.6) | 945 (40.4) | 1330 (69.6) | 582 (30.4) | ||
Richest | 1573 (68.1) | 736 (31.9) | 1385 (76.7) | 421 (23.3) | ||
Gender of head of household | < 0.001 | 0.003 | ||||
Male | 5997 (59.3) | 4108 (40.7) | 5507 (70.0) | 2361 (30.0) | ||
Female | 1154 (50.8) | 1119 (49.2) | 1526 (65.6) | 802 (34.0) | ||
Roofing material | < 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
Unimproved | 4690 (55.7) | 3728 (44.3) | 3996 (67.0) | 1971 (33.0) | ||
Improved | 2461 (62.1) | 1499 (37.9) | 3037 (71.8) | 1192 (28.2) | ||
Region | 0.127 | 0.289 | ||||
Northern | 768 (53.7) | 662 (46.3) | 828 (71.0) | 339 (29.0) | ||
Central | 3022 (57.6) | 2229 (42.4) | 2896 (67.7) | 1383 (32.3) | ||
Southern | 3361 (59.0) | 2336 (41.0) | 2208 (69.7) | 1442 (30.3) | ||
Residence | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Urban | 1197 (68.4) | 552 (31.6) | 1111 (79.7) | 282 (20.3) | ||
Rural | 5954 (56.0) | 4675 (44.0) | 5922 (67.3) | 2881 (32.7) | ||
Household ITN supply | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Very poor | 2849 (47.4) | 3158 (52.6) | 2696 (57.2) | 2022 (42.8) | ||
Poor | 2232 (63.9) | 1259 (36.1) | 2209 (75.4) | 721 (24.6) | ||
Good | 2070 (71.9) | 810 (28.1) | 2128 (83.5) | 420 (16.5) | ||