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Continental: global spread and dispersal of pathogen
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Earth history
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Phylogenetic links between P. knowlesi and other related taxa, shared life-history traits
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Regional/biogeographic: broad climatic variation or geographical boundaries restrict P. knowlesi to SE Asia
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Barriers to dispersal; natural distribution of hosts and vectors and biodiversity patterns
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Distribution of the hosts and vectors of the parasite and the enabling and limiting factors for this distribution
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Local landscape: fine-scale distribution of species within the habitat
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Interaction between parasite, host, and vector within a rapidly changing habitat
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Changing forest cover and land use and the effects on the distribution of vectors and hosts of P. knowlesi and parasite transmission rate
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Individual: limiting and facilitating factors of transmission to humans
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Individual health, behaviour, interaction with the vector and host, level of detection and treatment
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Severity of infection in Malaysian Borneo versus the rest of SE Asia; asymptomatic carriage of the parasite within communities; degree of human to human transmission
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Cellular: disease pathways
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Infection route, immunological status, previous exposure
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P. knowlesi multiplication in human blood; methods for accurate diagnosis
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Molecular: human resistance to the disease; different genotypes of the parasite
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Human host resistance or susceptibility; different P. knowlesi genotypes have varying disease severity and host preferences
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Genetic factors influencing disease severity, genetic factors influencing choice of hosts and vectors, erythrocyte invasion pathways
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