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Table 5 Mechanisms of insecticide resistance detected in Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis populations

From: Dynamics and monitoring of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors across mainland Tanzania from 1997 to 2017: a systematic review

Species

Insecticide class

Insecticide

Mechanisms of resistance

Refs.

Target site genes

Detoxification genes

Cuticular

An. arabiensis

Pyrethroids

Deltamethrin and permethrin

L1014S

CY6P3, CYP9J4, CYP9J5, and CYP6P1. High activity of Oxidase and esterase enzymes

CPAP3-A1b, CPR5 and CPLCG5

[15, 36, 38]

An. arabiensis

Pyrethroids

Permethrin

L1014S

CYP4G16, ABC transporter and high activity of Oxidase and esterase enzyme

 

[9, 24, 28, 34, 37]

An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis

Pyrethroids

Lambdacyhalothrin

L1014S

L1014F

Presence and high activity of oxidase and esterase enzyme

 

[9, 24, 28, 34, 36]

An. gambiae s.s.

Pyrethroids

Permethrin

L1014S

L1014F

  

[9]

An. gambiae s.s.

Organochlorine

DDT

L1014S

Over transcription of CYP4J10, CY6P3, multicopper oxidase and sulfotransferase genes and high activity of GST enzymes

 

[11, 39]

An. arabiensis

Organochlorine

Dieldrin

RDL, over transcription GABA receptor genes

  

[15, 33]

An. arabiensis

Organophosphates

 

Over transcription of acetylcholinesterase genes

High activity of esterase enzymes

 

[11, 15]

An. arabiensis

Carbamates

 

Over transcription of acetylcholinesterase genes

Presence and high activity of oxidase

 

[11, 15, 28]

An. arabiensis

Neonicotinoids

 

Over transcription of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes

  

[15]

An. gambiae s.s.

Different classes

 

–

 

CPLCG4, CPLCG5, CPLCG15 and CPR131

[39]