Species | Insecticide class | Insecticide | Mechanisms of resistance | Refs. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Target site genes | Detoxification genes | Cuticular | ||||
An. arabiensis | Pyrethroids | Deltamethrin and permethrin | L1014S | CY6P3, CYP9J4, CYP9J5, and CYP6P1. High activity of Oxidase and esterase enzymes | CPAP3-A1b, CPR5 and CPLCG5 | |
An. arabiensis | Pyrethroids | Permethrin | L1014S | CYP4G16, ABC transporter and high activity of Oxidase and esterase enzyme | Â | |
An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis | Pyrethroids | Lambdacyhalothrin | L1014S L1014F | Presence and high activity of oxidase and esterase enzyme | Â | |
An. gambiae s.s. | Pyrethroids | Permethrin | L1014S L1014F | Â | Â | [9] |
An. gambiae s.s. | Organochlorine | DDT | L1014S | Over transcription of CYP4J10, CY6P3, multicopper oxidase and sulfotransferase genes and high activity of GST enzymes | Â | |
An. arabiensis | Organochlorine | Dieldrin | RDL, over transcription GABA receptor genes | Â | Â | |
An. arabiensis | Organophosphates | Â | Over transcription of acetylcholinesterase genes | High activity of esterase enzymes | Â | |
An. arabiensis | Carbamates | Â | Over transcription of acetylcholinesterase genes | Presence and high activity of oxidase | Â | |
An. arabiensis | Neonicotinoids | Â | Over transcription of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes | Â | Â | [15] |
An. gambiae s.s. | Different classes |  | – |  | CPLCG4, CPLCG5, CPLCG15 and CPR131 | [39] |