Table 2 Empirical estimates of sensitivity (SS), specificity (SP), negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV), Cohen’s kappa for each diagnostic test against Malaria by RDT as ‘gold standard’
Assay | Negative (%) | Positive (%) | Total (%) | Estimate % (95% CIs) | Diagnostic accuracy (95% CIs) | Diagnostic odds (95% CIs) | Cohen’s kappa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) | ||||||||
 rtPCR of DBSa | ||||||||
  Negative | 41 (83.6) | 8 (16.3) | 49 (19.8) | Sensitivity | 94.2% [88.9–97.0] | 69.2% [63.2–74.6] | 9.7 [4.3–22.0] | 0.3 [0.2–0.4] |
  Positive | 68 (34.3) | 130 (65.6) | 198 (80.1) | Specificity | 37.6% [29.0–46.9] | |||
  Total (%) | 109 (44.1) | 138 (55.8) | 247 (100.0) | PPV | 65.6% [58.8–71.9] | |||
|  |  |  |  | NPV | 83.6% [70.9–91.4] | |||
 rtPCR of EPFa | ||||||||
  Negative | 52 (58.4) | 37 (41.5) | 89 (36.0) | Sensitivity | 73.1% [65.2–79.8] | 61.9% [55.7–67.7] | 2.4 [1.4–4.2] | 0.2 [0.1–0.3] |
  Positive | 57 (36.0) | 101 (63.9) | 158 (63.9) | Specificity | 47.7% [38.5–57.0] | |||
  Total (%) | 109 (44.1) | 138 (55.8) | 247 (100.0) | PPV | 63.9% [56.1–71.0] | |||
|  |  |  |  | NPV | 58.4% [48.0–68.1] | |||