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Table 3 Factors associated with microscopic or sub-microscopic parasitaemia at enrolment

From: Household and maternal risk factors for malaria in pregnancy in a highly endemic area of Uganda: a prospective cohort study

Variable

Categories

Parasitaemia n (%)

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

RR (95% CI)

p-value

aRRa (95% CI)

p-value

Wealth index categories

Least poor

179 (73.4)

Reference

–

Reference

–

Middle

215 (85.3)

1.16 (1.06–1.27)

0.001

1.07 (0.98–1.16)

0.16

Poorest

222 (86.4)

1.18 (1.08–1.29)

< 0.001

1.09 (0.99–1.19)

0.07

Type of house constructionb

Modern

111 (64.5)

Reference

–

Reference

–

Traditional

505 (86.9)

1.35 (1.20–1.51)

< 0.001

1.29 (1.15–1.45)

< 0.001

Whether airbricks were present

Present

147 (70.3)

Reference

–

Reference

–

Not present

469 (86.2)

1.23 (1.12–1.35)

< 0.001

0.96 (0.85–1.08)

0.49

Number of windows present

≥ 2 windows

114 (79.2)

Reference

–

Reference

–

1 window

360 (80.5)

1.02 (0.92–1.12)

0.73

0.96 (0.87–1.05)

0.35

No windows

142 (87.7)

1.11 (1.00–1.23)

0.05

0.98 (0.88–1.08)

0.65

Level of education

O level or beyond

134 (72.0)

Reference

–

Reference

–

None or primary

482 (85.0)

1.18 (1.07–1.30)

0.001

1.13 (1.02–1.24)

0.02

Bed net ownership before enrolment

LLIN

472 (81.5)

Reference

–

Reference

–

Untreated

88 (80.7)

0.99 (0.90–1.09)

0.85

0.96 (0.87–1.06)

0.45

No bed net

56 (86.2)

1.06 (0.95–1.17)

0.30

1.01 (0.91–1.12)

0.87

Categories of gravidity

Multigravida

304 (79.6)

Reference

–

Reference

–

Secundigravida

150 (80.2)

1.01 (0.92–1.10)

0.86

1.02 (0.94–1.11)

0.61

Primigravida

162 (88.0)

1.11 (1.03–1.19)

0.007

1.10 (1.02–1.18)

0.009

  1. RR risk ratio
  2. aAdjusted for wealth index, type of house construction, level of education, bed net ownership before enrolment and categories of gravidity
  3. bModern houses defined as those with plaster or cement walls, metal or wooden roof, and closed eaves; all other houses defined as traditional