Household and maternal risk factors for malaria in pregnancy in a highly endemic area of Uganda: a prospective cohort study

Table 6 Factors associated with placental malaria

Variable	Categories	Placental malaria, n (%)	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
Variable	Categories	Placental malaria, n (%)	RR (95% CI)	p-value	aRR^a (95% CI)	p-value
Wealth index categories	Least poor	83 (39.5)	Reference	–	Reference	–
	Middle	99 (44.8)	1.13 (0.91–1.42)	0.27	1.02 (0.84–1.24)	0.83
	Poorest	109 (49.1)	1.24 (1.00–1.54)	0.05	1.14 (0.94–1.38)	0.18
Type of house construction^b	Modern	53 (35.8)	Reference	–	Reference	–
Type of house construction^b	Traditional	238 (47.1)	1.32 (1.04–1.66)	0.02	1.19 (0.96–1.48)	0.10
Whether airbricks were present	Present	64 (35.6)	Reference	–	Reference	–
Whether airbricks were present	Not present	227 (48.0)	1.35 (1.09–1.68)	0.007	1.06 (0.81–1.39)	0.67
Number of windows present	≥ 2 windows	53 (40.2)	Reference	–	Reference	–
	1 window	172 (45.1)	1.12 (0.89–1.42)	0.33	0.99 (0.80–1.22)	0.93
	No windows	66 (47.1)	1.17 (0.89–1.54)	0.25	1.04 (0.81–1.33)	0.76
Level of education	O level or beyond	65 (41.9)	Reference	–	Reference	–
Level of education	None or primary	226 (45.4)	1.08 (0.88–1.33)	0.46	1.16 (0.95–1.41)	0.14
Categories of gravidity	Multigravida	94 (27.3)	Reference	–	Reference	–
	Secundigravida	72 (47.1)	1.72 (1.35–2.19)	< 0.001	1.85 (1.48–2.31)	< 0.001
	Primigravida	125 (80.1)	2.93 (2.43–3.54)	< 0.001	2.87 (2.39–3.45)	< 0.001
IPTp regimen	Monthly DP	94 (28.4)	Reference	–	Reference	–
IPTp regimen	Monthly SP	197 (61.2)	2.15 (1.78–2.61)	< 0.001	2.13 (1.79–2.53)	< 0.001

RR risk ratio
^aAdjusted for wealth index, type of house construction, level of education, categories of gravidity and IPTp regimen
^bModern houses defined as those with plaster or cement walls, metal or wooden roof, and closed eaves; all other houses defined as traditional