Fig. 1

Normalized trajectories for human \({\bar{X}}\), and mosquito \({\bar{Z}}\) infectiousness with an applied, model MDA or IRS at (nondimensional) time \(\tau =10\). The application period of the interventions is highlighted in the panels. The upper panels display the longer-lasting effects of campaigns in lower-transmission environments, \(R_0=5\), while the lower panels show the much shorter recoveries for moderate transmission environments, \(R_0=50\). Bars on the left indicate the half-life estimates of Eq. 1 for regaining pre-intervention equilibria. The dashed line in the lower right shows a limit for the vector control explained in the text