Table 2 Case reports of P. malariae recrudescence
From: A case of Plasmodium malariae recurrence: recrudescence or reinfection?
Ref/Author/year | Nationality | Age/sex | Country of Residence | Country of acquisition | Species diagnosis | Quartan fever pattern | PCR | Interval between episodes | Risk factor | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12/Shute/1944 | Indian | 26/F | United Kingdom | India | P. malariae (Microscopy) | NR | No | 21 years | NR | Mepacrine |
13/Spitler/1948 | Italian | 69/M | USA | Italy | P. malariae (Microscopy) | Yes | No | 36 years | NR | Quinine |
14/Lentini/1955 | Italian | 70/F | Italy | Italy | P. malariae (Microscopy on BM) | Yes | No | 45 years | NR | Quinine |
15/Creyx/1955 | French | 56/F | France | Macedonia | P. malariae (Microscopy) | Yes | No | 32 years | Surgery for hydatidosis | Quinine, plasmoquine |
16/Duggan and Shute/1961 | English | 42/M | United Kingdom | Myanmar (ex Burma) | P. malariae (Microscopy) | NR | No | 13 years | NR | Primaquine |
5/Guazzi/1963 | Italian | 63/F | Italy | Italy | P. malariae (Microscopy) | Yes | No | 53 years | Splenectomy | NR |
17/Tsuchida/1982 | Japanese | 63/M | Japan | Papua New Guinea | P. malariae (Microscopy) | Yes | No | 36 years | Splenectomy, nephrectomy | Sulfa-pyrimethamine, primaquine |
18/Hess/1993 | German | 46/F | Germany | Kenya | P. malariae (Microscopy) | Yes (2 cycles) | No | 78 and 106 days | P. falciparum malaria | Halofantrine |
6/Vinetz/1998 | Greek | 72/F | USA | Greece | P. malariae (PCR) | Yes (5 cycles) | Yes | 40–70 years | Methotrexate therapy | Chloroquine |
7/Chadre/2000 | Trinidadian | 70/M | Trinidad | Trinidad | P. malariae (Microscopy) | Yes (4 cycles) | No | 33 years; possibly 65 years | Neurosurgery | Chloroquine + primaquine |
19/Skoutelis/2000 | Greek | 60/F | Greece | Greece | P. malariae (Microscopy) | Yes | No | 45 years | Treated with chlorambucil and methylprednisolone (suspected myeloproliferative syndrome) | Chloroquine |
20/Morovic/2003 | Serbian | 61/M | Croatia (Former Yugoslavia) | Croatia | P. malariae (Microscopy) | Yes | No | 35 years | NR | Chloroquine |
21/Chim/2004 | Chinese | 66/F | Hong Kong | China | P. malariae (Microscopy) | NR | No | 55 years? | Splenectomy | Chloroquine |
22/Muller-Stover/2008 | Nigerian | 34/M | Germany | Nigeria | P. malariae (Microscopy; PCR) | NR | Yes | 14 weeks | P. falciparum malaria | Atovaquone/proguanil |
23/Smith/2011 | Australian | 59/M | Australia | Uganda | P. malariae (Microscopy) | NR | No | 47 days | P. falciparum malaria | Chloroquine |
24/Hedelius/2011 | American | 34/M | USA | Nigeria | P. malariae (Microscopy; PCR) | NR | Yes | 14 years | NR/Concomitant diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome | Atovaquone/proguanil |
25/Franken/2012 | Kenyan | 38/F | Germany | Kenya | P. malariae (Microscopy; PCR) | NR | Yes | 4 months | P. falciparum malaria | Chloroquine |
26/Hong/2012 | Korean | 23/F | Korea | Ghana | P. malariae (Microscopy; PCR) | NR | Yes | 1 month | P. malariae malaria | First episode: chloroquine; second episode: mefloquine |
27/Liang/2013 | NR | 20/F | USA | Uganda | P. malariae (Microscopy; PCR) | Yes | Yes | 8 weeks | P. malariae malaria | First episode: chloroquine; second episode: atovaquone-proguanil |
28/Kugasia/2014 | Sierra Leone | 65/M | USA | Sierra Leone | P. malariae (initially misidentified as P. falciparum) | No | No | 25 months | P. malariae malaria | First episode: quinine + clindamycin Second episode: chloroquine |
29/Visser/2016 | Dutch | NR/M | The Netherlands | Uganda | P. malariae (Microscopy; PCR) | No | Noa | 2 months | P. malariae malaria | Chloroquine |
30/Rutledge/2017 | Ugandan | 31/M | Australia | Uganda | P. malariae (Microscopy; PCR) | No | Yes | 52 days | P. malariae malaria | First episode: artemether/lumefantrine Second episode: hydroxychloroquine + primaquine |
31/Islam/2018 | Ivory Coast | 23 months/M | USA | Liberia | P. malariae (Microscopy; PCR) | No | Yes | 4 months | P. malariae malaria | First episode: Chloroquine Second episode: chloroquine Third episode: atovaquone–proguanil |