Fig. 2

Resistance profiles of F₁ Takatsaba Anopheles coluzzii females. a Knockdown resistance profile with permethrin, deltamethrin and DDT; b WHO bioassays with insecticides from different classes. c Effect of pre-exposure to synergists PBO against deltamethrin, and with DEM against DDT. Results shown are average of percentage mortalities from 4 replicates each ± SEM. No mortality was obtained in control females and positive control females exposed to DEM and PBO alone; ** and *** significantly different from exposure to DDT and deltamethrin alone, at p < 0.001 and p < 0.0001. d Correlation between the kdr genotype and resistance phenotypes in alive and dead Takatsaba An. coluzzii