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Table 1 Susceptibility status of An. gambiae s.l. collected in Togo and Kisumu exposed to the four classes of insecticide

From: Insecticide resistance profiles of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Togo and genetic mechanisms involved, during 3-year survey: is there any need for resistance management?

Year

Insecticides

Strain

N

Mortality (%)

[95% CI]

Susceptibility status

2012

4% DDT

Baguida

103

10.68

[2.71–18.23]

Resistant

Kolokopé

95

0

0

Resistant

Kovié

98

1.02

[0.15–3.22]

Resistant

Kisumu

103

100

100

Susceptible

0.05% Deltamethrin

Baguida

99

32.32

[23.23–41.62]

Resistant

Kolokopé

101

3.96

[0.77–6.93]

Resistant

Kovié

95

33.68

[20.2–46.4]

Resistant

Kisumu

98

100

100

Susceptible

0.1% Bendiocarb

Baguida

96

7.29

[1.19–13.8]

Resistant

Kolokopé

99

89.89

[82.32–97.42]

Resistant

Kovié

94

60.63

[45.77–76.48]

Resistant

Kisumu

106

100

100

Susceptible

0.4% Chlorpyriphos methyl

Baguida

100

100

100

Susceptible

Kolokopé

103

100

100

Susceptible

Kovié

106

100

100

Susceptible

Kisumu

97

100

100

Susceptible

2013

4% DDT

Baguida

97

6.18

[0.76–12.23]

Resistant

Kolokopé

96

0

0

Resistant

Kovié

90

15.55

[7.16–22.96]

Resistant

Kisumu

99

100

100

Susceptible

0.05% Deltamethrin

Baguida

87

52

[46.71–56.64]

Resistant

Kolokopé

74

14.86

[7.79–21.92]

Resistant

Kovié

90

22.22

[12.32–32.88]

Resistant

Kisumu

101

100

100

Susceptible

0.75% Permethrin

Baguida

89

20.22

[5.15–37.39]

Resistant

Kolokopé

80

7.5

[0.98–14.3]

Resistant

Kovié

90

26.26

[14.58–39.68]

Resistant

Kisumu

98

100

100

Susceptible

0.05% Lambdacyhalothrin

Baguida

90

57.77

[51.15–64.69]

Resistant

Kolokopé

85

0

0

Resistant

Kovié

81

14.81

[1.65–28.21]

Resistant

Kisumu

108

100

100

Susceptible

0.1% Bendiocarb

Baguida

87

9.19

[0.58–18.33]

Resistant

Kolokopé

88

98.86

[96.92–101]

Susceptible

Kovié

93

68.81

[59.84–77.1]

Resistant

Kisumu

102

100

100

Susceptible

0.1% Propoxur

Baguida

95

18.94

[10.3–26.95]

Resistant

Kolokopé

97

97.93

[95.65–100.27]

Suspected resistant

Kovié

89

73.03

[63.28–82.42]

Resistant

Kisumu

98

100

100

Susceptible

1% Fenitrothion

Baguida

94

20.21

[5.64–34.69]

Resistant

Kolokopé

100

100

100

Susceptible

Kovié

103

98.05

[95.82–100.26]

Susceptible

Kisumu

96

100

100

Susceptible

2013

5% Malathion

Baguida

99

73.73

[59.79–88.33]

Resistant

Kolokopé

90

100

100

Susceptible

Kovié

98

100

100

Susceptible

Kisumu

95

100

100

Susceptible

0.4% Chlorpyrisphos methyl

Baguida

90

100

100

Susceptible

Kolokopé

95

100

100

Susceptible

Kovié

89

100

100

Susceptible

Kisumu

102

100

100

Susceptible

2016

4% DDT

Baguida

121

1.61

[0.25–3.56]

Resistant

Kolokopé

69

0

0

Resistant

Kovié

98

0

0

Resistant

Kisumu

101

100

100

Susceptible

0.05% Deltamethrin

Baguida

123

17.03

[10.39–23.21]

Resistant

Kolokopé

67

8.97

[0.66–16.01]

Resistant

Kovié

91

4.4

[1.53–8.27]

Resistant

Kisumu

92

100

100

Susceptible

0.75% Permethrin

Baguida

72

0

0

Resistant

Kolokopé

93

10.75

[5.13–25.69]

Resistant

Kovié

73

6.06

[1.81–14.58]

Resistant

Kisumu

96

98.96

[96.48–101.14]

Susceptible

0.05% Lambdacyhalothrin

Baguida

121

16.53

[4.7–26.24]

Resistant

Kolokopé

97

16.49

[7.22–26.04]

Resistant

Kovié

88

2.27

[1.66–5.1]

Resistant

Kisumu

90

98.89

[97.15–100.92]

Susceptible

0.1% Bendiocarb

Baguida

111

2.7

[0.95–4.55]

Resistant

Kolokopé

82

68.29

[55.5–80.42]

Resistant

Kovié

81

1.23

[0.92–2.85]

Resistant

Kisumu

87

98.85

[95.65–101.41]

Susceptible

0.1% Propoxur

Baguida

75

6.67

[1.37–11.46]

Resistant

Kolokopé

89

71.91

[64.86–80.37]

Resistant

Kovié

99

8.08

[4.58–10.67]

Resistant

Kisumu

83

98.80

[95.38–101.5]

Susceptible

1% Fenitrothion

Baguida

101

47.52

[25.39–69.81]

Resistant

Kolokopé

89

100

100

Resistant

Kovié

87

82.76

[77.56–87.89]

Résistant

Kisumu

95

100

100

Susceptible

5% Malathion

Baguida

117

30.77

[28.18–33.08]

Resistant

Kolokopé

89

100

100

Susceptible

Kovié

99

92.93

[84.66–98.9]

Suspected resistant

Kisumu

83

98.80

[96.48–101.14]

Susceptible

  1. N, number of mosquitoes; CI, confidence interval