Insecticide resistance profiles of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Togo and genetic mechanisms involved, during 3-year survey: is there any need for resistance management?

Adjovi D. Amoudji; Koffi M. Ahadji-Dabla; Aristide Sawdetuo Hien; Yawo Georges Apétogbo; Bienvenu Yaméogo; Diloma Dieudonné Soma; Rabila Bamogo; Rachid Tinah Atcha-Oubou; Roch Kounbobr Dabiré; Guillaume Koffivi Ketoh

doi:10.1186/s12936-019-2813-z

Table 1 Susceptibility status of An. gambiae s.l. collected in Togo and Kisumu exposed to the four classes of insecticide

From: Insecticide resistance profiles of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Togo and genetic mechanisms involved, during 3-year survey: is there any need for resistance management?

Year	Insecticides	Strain	N	Mortality (%)	[95% CI]	Susceptibility status
2012	4% DDT	Baguida	103	10.68	[2.71–18.23]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	95	0	0	Resistant
		Kovié	98	1.02	[0.15–3.22]	Resistant
		Kisumu	103	100	100	Susceptible
	0.05% Deltamethrin	Baguida	99	32.32	[23.23–41.62]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	101	3.96	[0.77–6.93]	Resistant
		Kovié	95	33.68	[20.2–46.4]	Resistant
		Kisumu	98	100	100	Susceptible
	0.1% Bendiocarb	Baguida	96	7.29	[1.19–13.8]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	99	89.89	[82.32–97.42]	Resistant
		Kovié	94	60.63	[45.77–76.48]	Resistant
		Kisumu	106	100	100	Susceptible
	0.4% Chlorpyriphos methyl	Baguida	100	100	100	Susceptible
		Kolokopé	103	100	100	Susceptible
		Kovié	106	100	100	Susceptible
		Kisumu	97	100	100	Susceptible
2013	4% DDT	Baguida	97	6.18	[0.76–12.23]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	96	0	0	Resistant
		Kovié	90	15.55	[7.16–22.96]	Resistant
		Kisumu	99	100	100	Susceptible
	0.05% Deltamethrin	Baguida	87	52	[46.71–56.64]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	74	14.86	[7.79–21.92]	Resistant
		Kovié	90	22.22	[12.32–32.88]	Resistant
		Kisumu	101	100	100	Susceptible
	0.75% Permethrin	Baguida	89	20.22	[5.15–37.39]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	80	7.5	[0.98–14.3]	Resistant
		Kovié	90	26.26	[14.58–39.68]	Resistant
		Kisumu	98	100	100	Susceptible
	0.05% Lambdacyhalothrin	Baguida	90	57.77	[51.15–64.69]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	85	0	0	Resistant
		Kovié	81	14.81	[1.65–28.21]	Resistant
		Kisumu	108	100	100	Susceptible
	0.1% Bendiocarb	Baguida	87	9.19	[0.58–18.33]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	88	98.86	[96.92–101]	Susceptible
		Kovié	93	68.81	[59.84–77.1]	Resistant
		Kisumu	102	100	100	Susceptible
	0.1% Propoxur	Baguida	95	18.94	[10.3–26.95]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	97	97.93	[95.65–100.27]	Suspected resistant
		Kovié	89	73.03	[63.28–82.42]	Resistant
		Kisumu	98	100	100	Susceptible
	1% Fenitrothion	Baguida	94	20.21	[5.64–34.69]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	100	100	100	Susceptible
		Kovié	103	98.05	[95.82–100.26]	Susceptible
		Kisumu	96	100	100	Susceptible
2013	5% Malathion	Baguida	99	73.73	[59.79–88.33]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	90	100	100	Susceptible
		Kovié	98	100	100	Susceptible
		Kisumu	95	100	100	Susceptible
	0.4% Chlorpyrisphos methyl	Baguida	90	100	100	Susceptible
		Kolokopé	95	100	100	Susceptible
		Kovié	89	100	100	Susceptible
		Kisumu	102	100	100	Susceptible
2016	4% DDT	Baguida	121	1.61	[0.25–3.56]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	69	0	0	Resistant
		Kovié	98	0	0	Resistant
		Kisumu	101	100	100	Susceptible
	0.05% Deltamethrin	Baguida	123	17.03	[10.39–23.21]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	67	8.97	[0.66–16.01]	Resistant
		Kovié	91	4.4	[1.53–8.27]	Resistant
		Kisumu	92	100	100	Susceptible
	0.75% Permethrin	Baguida	72	0	0	Resistant
		Kolokopé	93	10.75	[5.13–25.69]	Resistant
		Kovié	73	6.06	[1.81–14.58]	Resistant
		Kisumu	96	98.96	[96.48–101.14]	Susceptible
	0.05% Lambdacyhalothrin	Baguida	121	16.53	[4.7–26.24]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	97	16.49	[7.22–26.04]	Resistant
		Kovié	88	2.27	[1.66–5.1]	Resistant
		Kisumu	90	98.89	[97.15–100.92]	Susceptible
	0.1% Bendiocarb	Baguida	111	2.7	[0.95–4.55]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	82	68.29	[55.5–80.42]	Resistant
		Kovié	81	1.23	[0.92–2.85]	Resistant
		Kisumu	87	98.85	[95.65–101.41]	Susceptible
	0.1% Propoxur	Baguida	75	6.67	[1.37–11.46]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	89	71.91	[64.86–80.37]	Resistant
		Kovié	99	8.08	[4.58–10.67]	Resistant
		Kisumu	83	98.80	[95.38–101.5]	Susceptible
	1% Fenitrothion	Baguida	101	47.52	[25.39–69.81]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	89	100	100	Resistant
		Kovié	87	82.76	[77.56–87.89]	Résistant
		Kisumu	95	100	100	Susceptible
	5% Malathion	Baguida	117	30.77	[28.18–33.08]	Resistant
		Kolokopé	89	100	100	Susceptible
		Kovié	99	92.93	[84.66–98.9]	Suspected resistant
		Kisumu	83	98.80	[96.48–101.14]	Susceptible

N, number of mosquitoes; CI, confidence interval

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