Insecticide resistance profiles of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Togo and genetic mechanisms involved, during 3-year survey: is there any need for resistance management?

Table 5 Frequency of the L1014S knock down resistance (kdr) alleles of An. gambiae s.l. populations from Togo

Species	Agricultural practices	Sites	N	Genotypes			f (L1014S)	[95% CI]	p(HW)
				1014L	1014L	1014S
				1014L	1014S	1014S
An. arabiensis	Vegetables	BAG 2012	1	1	0	0	0.000	–	–
An. coluzzii	Rice	KOV 2013	13	13	0	0	0.000	–	–
An. gambiae	Rice	KOV 2013	3	3	0	0	0.000	–	–
	Cotton	KOL 2012	23	22	0	1	0.043	[0.00–0.13]	0.024
	Vegetables	BAG 2012	36	36	0	0	0.000	–	–
		BAG 2013	16	16	0	0	0.000	–	–

KOV, Kovié; KOL, Kolokopé; BAG, Baguida; N, number of mosquitoes; f (L1014S), frequency of the L1014S resistant allele; CI, confidence interval; p(HW), probability of the exact test for goodness of fit Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium

ISSN: 1475-2875