Fig. 4

DNA alignment of the Ace-1 gene for malaria vectors from Latin America. The alignment was constructed with partial DNA sequences for each species, and the aminoacid (AGa) and DNA (AG) sequences for An. gambiae were included as reference sequences [VectorBase: AGAP001356-RA]. Identical positions are indicated by an asterisk, primer positions are enclosed by an orange box, and the numbers above the amino acid sequence represent the codon position. Codon 280, which is associated with carbamate and organophosphate resistance (commonly reported as codon 119, in reference to its position in the fish Torpedo californica), is highlighted in light blue, and it encodes both homozygous susceptible (G280) and heterozygous resistant (G280S) alleles. Codons 216 and 221 are highlighted in red and yellow, respectively, and both codons result in an aminoacid change for all species from Latin American compared with the reference sequence of An. gambiae. Codon 215 is underlined and represents the choline binding site. Sequence AD1 corresponds to the sequence from VectorBase for An. darlingi [ADAC000377-RA]. Sequences AD2 [GenBank: MK477198], AD3 [GenBank: MK477199], and AD6 [GenBank: MK477202] are from Bolivia. Sequences AD4 [GenBank: MK477200] and AD5 [GenBank: MK477201] are from Guatemala. Sequence AA1 corresponds to the sequence from VectorBase for An. albimanus [AALB002313-RA]. Sequences AA2 [GenBank: MK477203], AA3 [GenBank: MK477204], and AA4 [GenBank: MK477205] are from Ecuador, Venezuela and Nicaragua, respectively. AA, An. albimanus; AD, An. darlingi