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Table 1 Main molecular markers associated with reduced response to different anti-malarial drugs

From: Deployment and utilization of next-generation sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum to guide anti-malarial drug policy decisions in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities and challenges

Anti-malarial drugs

Genes involved

Specific mutations

References

Artemisinins

 Artemisinin and its derivatives

pfk13

Confirmed/validated SNPs in the propeller domaina

[43, 44, 46, 47]

4-Amino quinolones

 Amodiaquine

pfcrt/pfmdr1

pfmdr1: 86Y/Y184/1246Y

[52, 53]

pfcrt codons 72-76 (CVIET/SVMNT)

[52, 54]

 Chloroquine

pfcrt/pfmdr1

pfcrt codons 72-76 (CVIET/SVMNT)

[15, 55, 56]

pfmdr1: 86Y/Y184/1246Y

[15, 52, 53]

 Mefloquine

pfmdr1

Increased pfmdr1 CNV

[57, 58]

Piperaquine

Plasmepsin 2/pfcrt

Increased pm2 CNV

[59, 60]

pfcrt codons H95Y, F145I, M343L, G353L

[61,62,63]

Antifolate drugs

 Pyrimethamine

pfdhfr

pfdhfr: 51 I /59 R /108 N

[33, 35, 42]

 Sulfadoxine

pfdhps

pfdhps:436 A /437 G /540 E /581 G

[35, 42]

Others

 Lumefantrine

pfmdr1/pfcrt

pfmdr1:N86/184F/D1246 or increased CNV

[32, 53, 57, 64]

pfcrt codons 72-76 (CVMNK)

[32, 65]

  1. pfk13 ,  Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 gene; pfcrt ,  P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter; pfmdr1 ,  P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1; pfdhfr,  P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase; pfdhps, P. falciparum dihydropteroate synthase; CNV, copy number variants
  2. aSNPs at codons F446I, N458Y, M476I, Y493H, R539T, I543T, P553L, R561H and C580Y have been validated as markers associated with partial resistance to artemisinins whiles others have been reported as confirmed markers [6, 45,46,47]