Table 1 The definition of key variables on housing condition [8]

Roof material

Traditional = (thatch/grass/makuti (interwoven palm tree leaves), and dung/mud/sod)

Modern = (iron sheets, asbestos, concrete, tiles)

Wall material

Traditional = (cane/palms/trunks, dung/mud/sod, bamboo with mud, re-used wood)

Modern = (iron sheets, cement, stone with cement, bricks, blocks, covered adobe, and wood planks)

Floor material

Traditional = (Earth/sand, dung, wood planks, palm/bamboo).

Modern = (Polished wood, Vinyl PVC, asphalt, ceramics, cement and carpet)