Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analysis of the risk factors for malaria in children in the Lake endemic region in Kenya
Covariables | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||
OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
Age groups | ||||
0–5 years | 1 (Reference) | 1 | ||
5–10 years | 2.03 (1.56–2.65) | <0.001 | 2.20 (1.69–2.87) | < 0.001 |
10–14 years | 2.63 (1.93–3.58) | <0.001 | 3.04 (2.26–4.10) | < 0.001 |
Child’s gender | ||||
Male | 1 | |||
Female | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) | 0.330 | ||
Gender—household head | ||||
Male | 1 | 1 | ||
Female | 0.73 (0.53–1.01) | 0.058 | 0.70 (0.51–0.96) | 0.030 |
Education—household head | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 0.78 (0.58–1.06) | 0.115 | 0.88 (0.69–1.13) | 0.320 |
Wealth Index—SES | ||||
Poorest | 3.54 (1.93–6.50) | <0.001 | 2.06 (1.30–3.27) | 0.003 |
Poorer | 2.52 (1.49–4.26) | 0.001 | 1.50 (0.93–2.41) | 0.091 |
Middle | 2.24 (1.45–3.46) | 0.001 | 1.50 (0.99–2.29) | 0.054 |
Rich | 1 | 1 | ||
Bed–net ownership | ||||
Owns a bed net | 0.67 (0.41–1.08) | 0.101 | 0.74 (0.44–1.24) | 0.251 |
Slept under LLIN | 0.63 (0.47–0.85) | 0.004 | 0.69 (0.55–0.87) | 0.002 |
Floor material | ||||
Modern | 1 | 1 | ||
Traditional | 3.12 (2.58–3.78) | <0.001 | 1.62 (1.08–2.45) | 0.039 |
Main wall material | ||||
Modern | 1 | 1 | ||
Traditional | 2.66 (2.19–3.23) | <0.001 | 1.64 (0.88–2.96) | 0.115 |
Roofing material | ||||
Modern | 1 | 1 | ||
Traditional | 2.52 (1.90–3.34) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.02–2.34) | 0.042 |
Source of water | ||||
Piped | 1 | |||
Wells/boreholes | 1.32 (0.70–2.47) | 0.378 | ||
River/canal | 1.33 (0.77–2.31) | 0.302 | ||
Does not practice agriculture | 1 | 1 | ||
Practices agriculture | 2.34 (1.64–3.34) | < 0.001 | 1.76 (1.23–2.52) | 0.003 |
Does not own a livestock | 1 | 1 | ||
Owns livestock | 1.33 (0.98–1.81) | 0.064 | 1.01 (0.74–1.39) | 0.941 |
Residence | ||||
Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
Rural | 2.88 (1.40–5.92) | 0.005 | 1.68 (0.96–2.95) | 0.059 |
Counties | ||||
Bungoma | 1 | 1 | ||
Siaya | 2.45 (1.25–4.78) | 0.010 | 3.40 (1.70–6.83) | 0.001 |
Kisumu | 1.64 (0.54–5.00) | 0.378 | 2.58 (0.87–7.61) | 0.085 |
Migori | 2.54 (0.87–7.42) | 0.086 | 4.64 (2.09–10.30) | < 0.001 |
Homabay | 1.63 (0.84–3.16) | 0.144 | 2.18 (1.13–4.24) | 0.022 |
Kakamega | 2.61 (1.18–5.79) | 0.019 | 2.65 (1.29–5.43) | 0.009 |
Vihiga | 1.41 (0.45–3.25) | 0.698 | 1.40 (0.48–4.07) | 0.532 |
Busia | 4.09 (1.91–8.75) | 0.001 | 4.12 (2.07–8.19) | < 0.001 |