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Table 1 Number of parasite isolates analysed by year and mutation marker in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa (2001–2018)

From: Absence of kelch13 artemisinin resistance markers but strong selection for lumefantrine-tolerance molecular markers following 18 years of artemisinin-based combination therapy use in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa (2001–2018)

Year

Number of RDTs collected

DNA successfully extracted (%)

Number of parasite isolates analysed

SP resistance markersa (%)

Lumefantrine tolerance/resistance markers

Artemisinin resistance markerse (%)

mdrN86Yb (%)

mdr1 copy numberc (%)

crtK76Td (%)

2001

195

93 (48)

93 (100)

14 (15)

12 (13)

22 (24)

2008

190

57 (30)

57 (100)

2009

190

81 (42)

81 (100)

81 (100)

73 (90)

2010

95

58 (61)

58 (100)

2011

663

596 (90)

596 (100)

558 (94)

390 (65)

333 (56)

2012

97

97 (100)

97 (100)

2018

963

686 (71)

655 (96)

514 (75)

482 (70)

452 (66)

532 (78)

Total

2393

1667 (70)

1637 (98)

1167 (70)

957 (57)

807 (48)

532 (32)

  1. RDTs rapid diagnostic tests, DNA deoxyribose nucleic acid, SP sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine
  2. aMutations at codons dhfr51, dhfr59, dhfr108, dhfr164 of the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene and dhps436, dhps437, dhps540 and dhps581 of the dihydropteroate synthetase (dhps) genes were assessed
  3. bMutations at codon mdr86 of the multidrug resistance 1 (mdr1) gene were assessed
  4. cVariations in the mdr1 gene copy number were assessed
  5. dMutations at codon crt76 of the chloroquine resistance transporter (crt) gene were assessed
  6. eMutations at 25 codons in the propeller domain of the kelch13 gene were assessed