Table 3 Risk factors associated with P. falciparum and P. vivax slide positivity
From: Increasing trends of malaria in a border area of the Greater Mekong Subregion
Characteristic | Negative cases N (%) | P. falciparum cases | P. vivax cases | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | AOR (95% CI) | N (%) | AOR (95% CI) | ||
All | 25,151 | 481 (7.8) | 5607 (90.80) | ||
By year | |||||
2011 | 3332 (13.3) | 117 (24.3) | 1@ | 209 (3.7) | 1@ |
2012 | 3235 (12.9) | 97 (20.17) | 0.74 (0.57–0.98)* | 240 (4.3) | 1.21 (1.00–1.47)* |
2013 | 5058 (20.1) | 155 (32.22) | 0.81 (0.63–1.04) | 1218 (21.7) | 3.99 (3.42–4.66)*** |
2014 | 4175 (16.6) | 59 (12.27) | 0.37 (0.27–0.51)*** | 682 (12.2) | 2.73 (2.32–3.21)*** |
2015 | 3806 (15.1) | 10 (2.08) | 0.07 (0.04–0.13)*** | 993 (17.7) | 4.28 (3.66–5.01)*** |
2016 | 5545 (22.1) | 43 (8.94) | 0.21 (0.15–0.30)*** | 2265 (40.4) | 6.53 (5.63–7.57)*** |
Gender | |||||
Female | 10,638 (42.3) | 121 (25.2) | 1 | 2154 (38.4) | 1 |
Male | 14,513 (57.7) | 360 (74.8) | 2.20 (1.79–2.70)*** | 3453 (61.6) | 1.16 (1.09–1.23)*** |
Age | |||||
< 5 | 4294 (17.1) | 18 (3.7) | 1 | 550 (9.8) | 1 |
5–14 | 5007 (19.9) | 83 (17.3) | 3.88 (2.33–6.47)*** | 1914 (34.1) | 2.98 (2.69–3.30)*** |
15–24 | 6003 (23.9) | 200 (41.6) | 7.87 (4.85–12.77)*** | 1849 (33.0) | 2.40 (2.16–2.66)*** |
25+ | 9847 (39.2) | 180 (37.4) | 4.43 (2.72–7.19)*** | 1294 (23.1) | 1.03 (0.92–1.14) |
Occupationa | |||||
Indoor worker | 5675 (22.6) | 62 (12.9) | 1 | 818 (14.6) | 1 |
Business person | 135 (0.54) | 2 (0.42) | 1.16 (0.28–4.81) | 17 (0.30) | 0.84 (0.50–1.39) |
Manual labor | 706 (2.8) | 13 (2.70) | 1.50 (0.82–2.76) | 97 (1.7) | 0.92 (0.74–1.16) |
Farmer | 4597 (18.3) | 101 (21.0) | 1.83 (1.32–2.54)** | 768 (13.7) | 1.15 (1.03–1.28)* |
Soldier | 3607 (14.3) | 161 (33.5) | 3.08 (2.23–4.24)*** | 675 (12.0) | 1.19 (1.06–1.34)** |
Student | 6681 (26.6) | 128 (26.6) | 1.24 (0.89–1.74) | 2711 (48.4) | 2.38 (2.16–2.63)*** |
Other | 3750 (14.9) | 14 (2.9) | 0.22 (0.12–0.41)*** | 521 (9.3) | 0.77 (0.67–0.89)** |
Educationb | |||||
Primary or less | 2911 (19.8) | 75 (36.2) | 1 | 413 (47.6) | 1 |
Middle/high school | 11,478 (78.2) | 245 (61.1) | 0.63 (0.48–0.82)** | 2118 (50.9) | 1.06 (0.94–1.19) |
University or above | 284 (1.9) | 11 (2.7) | 1.08 (0.57–2.08) | 67 (1.4) | 1.31 (0.98–1.75) |
Ethnicity | |||||
Non-Kachin | 1063 (4.2) | 42 (8.7) | 1 | 218 (3.9) | 1 |
Kachin | 24,088 (95.8) | 439 (91.3) | 0.51 (0.37–0.70)*** | 5389 (96.1) | 1.00 (0.86–1.17) |
Bednet use | |||||
No | 370 (1.5) | 38 (7.9) | 1 | 118 (2.1) | 1 |
Yes | 24,781 (98.5) | 443 (92.1) | 0.19 (0.14–0.27)**** | 5489 (97.9) | 0.67 (0.54–0.82)** |
Travel history | |||||
No | 25,069 (99.7) | 462 (96.1) | 1 | 5574 (99.4) | 1 |
Yes | 82 (0.33) | 19 (4.0) | 12.20 (7.31–20.36)*** | 33 (0.59) | 1.80 (1.20–2.70)** |
Malaria historyc | |||||
No | 18,459 (99.3) | 276 (94.5) | 1 | 5101 (98.1) | 1 |
Yes | 126 (0.68) | 16 (5.5) | 8.35 (4.88–14.30)*** | 98 (1.9) | 2.57 (1.97–3.35)*** |