Table 4 Comparison of clinical signs and severe symptoms in P. falciparum, P. vivax and febrile negative cases

With fever history

23,510 (93.5)

445 (92.5)

5370 (95.8)

Days of fever

 Mean ± SD

2.27 ± 1.64

2.85 ± 1.58

2.43 ± 1.34

< 0.0001^a

 Median (Q1–Q3)

2 (2–3)

3 (2–3)

2 (2–3)

Clinical signs

 Vomiting

1081 (4.3)

19 (4.0)

ns

142 (2.5)

< 0.0001

ns

 Diarrhea

288 (1.2)

12 (2.5)

< 0.01

23 (0.4)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Abdominal pains

302 (1.2)

11 (2.3)

< 0.05

27 (0.5)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Nausea

207 (0.8)

16 (3.3)

< 0.0001

24 (0.4)

< 0.001

< 0.0001

 Headache

10,021 (39.8)

170 (35.3)

< 0.05

2257 (40.3)

ns

< 0.05

 Stomach ache

384 (1.5)

18 (3.7)

< 0.0001

31 (0.6)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Loss of appetite

1059 (4.2)

52 (10.8)

< 0.0001

148 (2.6)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Dizziness

1540 (6.1)

42 (8.7)

< 0.01

166 (3.0)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Coughing

1556 (6.2)

35 (7.3)

ns

110 (2.0)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Joint pain

2429 (9.7)

74 (15.4)

< 0.0001

342 (6.1)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Difficulty breathing

1204 (4.8)

65 (13.5)

< 0.0001

174 (3.1)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Shivering/chills

5293 (21.0)

106 (22.0)

ns

2556 (45.6)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

Severe symptoms^b

N = 3444 (13.7)

N = 128 (26.6)

N = 297 (5.3)

 Coma

27 (0.78)

0

ns

3 (1.0)

ns

ns

 Convulsions

2712 (79)

87 (68)

< 0.0001

173 (58)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Respiratory distress

1180 (34)

65 (51)

< 0.0001

166 (56)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Acute pulmonary edema

26 (0.75)

0

ns

4 (1.3)

ns

ns

 Renal failure

2 (0.06)

0

< 0.05

1 (0.33)

ns

ns

 Jaundice

4 (0.11)

3 (2.3)

< 0.0001

5 (1.7)

ns

< 0.05

 Severe anemia

37 (1.1)

15 (12)

< 0.0001

9 (3.0)

ns

< 0.0001

 Other

39 (1.1)

1 (0.78)

ns

6 (2.0)

ns

ns