Microscopic and submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infection, maternal anaemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Papua New Guinea: a cohort study

Table 2 Associations between Plasmodium falciparum infection at antenatal enrolment and miscarriage/stillbirth, low birthweight, preterm birth and fetal growth restriction

Infection status	% (N/N total)	Adjusted odds ratio	95% confidence interval	P
Miscarriage/stillbirth^a (n = 2190)
No infection	2.2 (44/1976)
Submicroscopic infection	1.8 (2/111)	0.81	(0.19, 3.41)	0.77
Microscopic infection	3.9 (4/103)	1.96	(0.68, 5.66)	0.22
Low birthweight^b (n = 1976)
No infection	15.1 (270/1786)
Submicroscopic infection	14.3 (14/98)	1.01	(0.55, 1.84)	0.98
Microscopic infection	18.5 (17/92)	0.97	(0.54, 1.75)	0.93
Preterm birth^c (n = 1294)
No infection	8.9 (105/1181)
Submicroscopic infection	1.7 (1/60)	0.17	(0.02, 1.26)	0.08
Microscopic infection	11.3 (6/53)	1.22	(0.49, 1.26)	0.67
Small for gestational age^b (n = 1294)
No infection	24.5 (289/1181)
Submicroscopic infection	33.3 (20/60)	1.65	(0.93, 2.92)	0.09
Microscopic infection	20.8 (11/53)	0.71	(0.35, 1.43)	0.34

^a Adjusted for treatment arm, gravidity, enrolment clinic, bed net use, undernutrition, stunting, ethnicity and socio-economic status
^b Adjusted for treatment arm, gender of the baby, gravidity, number of study visits, enrolment clinic, bed net use, nutritional status, stunting, socio-economic status and timing of birthweight measurement
^c Adjusted for treatment arm, gender of the baby, gravidity, number of study visits, enrolment clinic, bed net use, nutritional status, stunting, and socio-economic status

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