Fig. 4

Long-lasting systemic insecticides can complement pre-existing effective vector control in Southern Africa elimination scenarios. a Timing of interventions, compared to seasonal vector density profile. Elimination is defined as zero infected individuals at the end of year 4. b–f Fraction of simulations, out of 100 stochastic realizations, that achieve elimination, for a given vector control and MDA package, with no restrictions on systemic insecticide eligibility. Coverage of ITN and IRS, when implemented, is 60%. b–e Solid lines: DP included in MDA. Dashed lines: MDA with systemic insecticide alone. f Solid lines: no restrictions on systemic insecticide eligibility. Dashed lines: children under 5 and women of childbearing age ineligible for systemic insecticides