Table 2 Association between maternal parasitaemia and malaria risk in infancy stratified by outcome measure

Prevalence of parasitaemia

 Boudova, 2017 [40]

2nd and 3rd trimester

PCR

Unexposed (n = 184)

Reference

Maternal age, gestation age at delivery, IPTp arm

Exposed (n = 28)

OR = 1.5 (0.5–4.4), p = 0.45

 De Beaudrap, 2016 [37]

2nd and 3rd trimester

Microscopy or RDT

Unexposed (n = 626)

Reference

Gravidity, birth season, haemoglobin genotype, residence

Exposed (n = 198)

RR = 2.97 (1.37–6.42), p = NR

 Borgella, 2013 [18]

1st trimester

Microscopy

Unexposed (n = NA)

Reference

Residence near the lake, birth season

Exposed (n = NA)

OR = 1.12 (0.23–5.45), p = 0.89

2nd trimester

Microscopy

Unexposed (n = 142)

Reference

Exposed (n = 52)

OR = 0.87 (0.35–2.09), p = 0.75

3rd trimester

Microscopy

Unexposed (n = 121)

Reference

Exposed (n = 73)

OR = 4.16 (1.64–10.54), p = 0.003

Time to first parasitaemia

 Borgella, 2013 [18]

1st trimester

Microscopy

Unexposed (n = NA)

Reference

Residence near the lake, birth season

Exposed (n = NA)

HR = 1.00 (0.42–2.39), p = 0.99

2nd trimester

Microscopy

Unexposed (n = 142)

Reference

Exposed (n = 52)

HR = 1.14 (0.62–2.12), p = 0.68

3rd trimester

Microscopy

Unexposed (n = 121)

Reference

Exposed (n = 73)

HR = 2.95 (1.58–5.50), p = 0.001

Time to first clinical malaria

 Borgella, 2013 [18]

1st trimester

Microscopy

Unexposed (n = NA)

Reference

Residence near the lake, birth season

Exposed (n = NA)

HR = 0.97 (0.32–2.92), p = 0.95

2nd trimester

Microscopy

Unexposed (n = 142)

Reference

Exposed (n = 52)

HR = 1.15 (0.58–2.28), p = 0.70

3rd trimester

Microscopy

Unexposed (n = 121)

Reference

Exposed (n = 73)

HR = 3.19 (1.59–6.38), p = 0.001

Incidence of clinical malaria

 Ndibazza, 2013 [39]

Baseline and delivery

Microscopy

Unexposed (n = 2053)

Ref

Maternal age, ITN possession, parity, education, social economic status, residence, mother’s HIV status

Exposed (n = 236)

HR = 1.23 (1.01–1.51), p = 0.04