Author, year of publication (refs.) | Timing of measurement of maternal parasitaemia | Method used to detect maternal parasitaemia | Exposure groups (n) | Measure of association (95% CI), p value | Confounders adjusted for |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence of parasitaemia | |||||
 Boudova, 2017 [40] | 2nd and 3rd trimester | PCR | Unexposed (n = 184) | Reference | Maternal age, gestation age at delivery, IPTp arm |
Exposed (n = 28) | OR = 1.5 (0.5–4.4), p = 0.45 | ||||
 De Beaudrap, 2016 [37] | 2nd and 3rd trimester | Microscopy or RDT | Unexposed (n = 626) | Reference | Gravidity, birth season, haemoglobin genotype, residence |
Exposed (n = 198) | RR = 2.97 (1.37–6.42), p = NR | ||||
 Borgella, 2013 [18] | 1st trimester | Microscopy | Unexposed (n = NA) | Reference | Residence near the lake, birth season |
Exposed (n = NA) | OR = 1.12 (0.23–5.45), p = 0.89 | ||||
2nd trimester | Microscopy | Unexposed (n = 142) | Reference | ||
Exposed (n = 52) | OR = 0.87 (0.35–2.09), p = 0.75 | ||||
3rd trimester | Microscopy | Unexposed (n = 121) | Reference | ||
Exposed (n = 73) | OR = 4.16 (1.64–10.54), p = 0.003 | ||||
Time to first parasitaemia | |||||
 Borgella, 2013 [18] | 1st trimester | Microscopy | Unexposed (n = NA) | Reference | Residence near the lake, birth season |
Exposed (n = NA) | HR = 1.00 (0.42–2.39), p = 0.99 | ||||
2nd trimester | Microscopy | Unexposed (n = 142) | Reference | ||
Exposed (n = 52) | HR = 1.14 (0.62–2.12), p = 0.68 | ||||
3rd trimester | Microscopy | Unexposed (n = 121) | Reference | ||
Exposed (n = 73) | HR = 2.95 (1.58–5.50), p = 0.001 | ||||
Time to first clinical malaria | |||||
 Borgella, 2013 [18] | 1st trimester | Microscopy | Unexposed (n = NA) | Reference | Residence near the lake, birth season |
Exposed (n = NA) | HR = 0.97 (0.32–2.92), p = 0.95 | ||||
2nd trimester | Microscopy | Unexposed (n = 142) | Reference | ||
Exposed (n = 52) | HR = 1.15 (0.58–2.28), p = 0.70 | ||||
3rd trimester | Microscopy | Unexposed (n = 121) | Reference | ||
Exposed (n = 73) | HR = 3.19 (1.59–6.38), p = 0.001 | ||||
Incidence of clinical malaria | |||||
 Ndibazza, 2013 [39] | Baseline and delivery | Microscopy | Unexposed (n = 2053) | Ref | Maternal age, ITN possession, parity, education, social economic status, residence, mother’s HIV status |
Exposed (n = 236) | HR = 1.23 (1.01–1.51), p = 0.04 |