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Table 3 Association between placental malaria detected by microscopy and the risk of malaria in infancy stratified by outcome

From: Impact of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy on the risk of malaria in infants: a systematic review

Country, year of publication (ref)

PM exposure group (n)

Measure of association (95% CI), p-value

Confounders adjusted for

Prevalence of parasitaemia

 De Beaudrap, 2016 [37]

Unexposed (475)

Reference

Gravidity, maternal age, residence, level of education, season, maternal HIV status, ITN use

Exposed (15)

RR = 10.42 (2.64–41.10), p = NR

 Borgella, 2013 [18]

Unexposed (154

Reference

Residence near the lake, birth season

Exposed (36)

OR = 0.72 (0.25–2.11), p = 0.55

Time to first parasitaemia

 Tassi Yunga, 2018a [34]

No PM (36)

Reference

Gravidity, birth season Hb genotype, residence

PM Lo (18)

HR = 2.6 (1.3–4.8)

PM Hi (18)

HR = 1.5 (0.7–3.7)

 Borgella, 2013 [18]

Unexposed (154)

Reference

Residence near the lake, birth season

Exposed (36)

HR = 0.68 (0.34–1.38), p = 0.29

 Le Port, 2011 [35]

Unexposed (485)

Reference

Unadjusted

Exposed (59)

HR = 1.62 (1.08–2.43), p = 0.02

 Le Port, 2011 [35]

Unexposed, had ITN (321)

Reference

Exposure to anopheles, season, antenatal care, severe anaemia

Exposed, had ITN (34)

HR = 2.13 (1.24–3.67), p < 0.01

Unexposed, no ITN (158)

Reference

Exposed, no ITN (25)

HR = 1.18 (0.60–2.33), p = 0.62

 Mutabingwa, 2005 [21]

Unexposed (384)

Reference

Gravidity, residence, transmission season at birth, and bed net usage

Exposed (69)

HR = 1.41 (1.01–1.99), p = NR

Time to first clinical malaria

 Borgella, 2013 [18]

Unexposed (154)

Reference

Residence near the lake, birth season

Exposed (36)

HR = 0.60 (0.28–1.32), p = 0.21

 Schwarz, 2008 [17]

Unexposed (477)

Reference

Gravidity, residence, birth season, IPTi, bed net use

Exposed (50)

HR = 2.1 (1.2–3.7), p = NR

  1. CI confidence interval, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, HR hazard ratio, IPTi intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in infancy, ITN insecticide treated net, NR Not reported, OR odds ratio, PM placental malaria, RR risk ratio
  2. aPlacental malaria detected by microscopy or PCR; PM Lo, placental malaria with < 25 infected erythrocytes/µL; PM Hi, placental malaria with > 25 infected erythrocytes/µL