Fig. 6

Association between natural selection and host immune pressure. a Positions of amino acid changes found in global PfAMA-1 and predicted RBC-binding sites, B-cell epitopes and IUR regions. Predicted RBC-binding sites, B-cell epitopes and IUR regions are presented by dotted black lines, red lines and bold blue lines, respectively. Polymorphic amino acid residues commonly identified in global PfAMA-1 are marked as bold red with underline. The less commonly identified amino acid changes are shown as bold blue. b Nucleotide diversity and natural selection analysis. Nucleotide diversity (π) and Tajima’s D (TD) values for each RBC-binding sites, B-cell epitopes and IUR regions in DI were analysed using Dnasp 6.0 program