Table 1 Characteristics of malaria patients and controls

No.

909

909

Male gender (%, n)

92.8 (844)

57.5 (523)

< 0.0001

Age (years; median, range)

26 (4–82)

30 (1–94)

0.0001

Migration (%, n)

77.8 (706/907)

34.4 (313/909)

< 0.0001

Socio-economic parameters

 No formal education (%, n)

33.0 (298/902)

11.1 (98/882)

< 0.0001

 Occupation as construction worker or daily labourer (%)

56.1

36.3

< 0.0001

 Monthly family income (rupees; median, range), cases; n = 893, controls; n = 575

6000 (0–35,000)

7000 (500–100,000)

0.06

Stated use of a bed net in preceding night (%, n)

39.1 (354,906)

54.3 (484/892)

< 0.0001

Stated use of a window net (%, n)

4.2 (38/906)

42.4 (376/890)

< 0.0001

Presence of stagnant water bodies (%, n)

31 (281/906)

3.3 (29/851)

< 0.0001

Plasmodium prevalence

 P. vivax

69.6 (633)

0

–

 P. falciparum

9.0 (82)

0

–

 P. vivax and P. falciparum mixed

21.3 (194)

0

–

Geometric mean parasite density (/µl; 95% CI)

 All patients

3412 (3081–3779)

–

–

 P. vivax

2999 (2660–3382)

–

–

 P. falciparum

5408 (3758–7750)

–

–

 P. vivax and P. falciparum mixed

4246 (3413–5283)

–

–

DARC G125A genotypes (%)

 GG (FYA/FYA)

43.9

43.1

1

 GA (FYA/FYB)

44.1

43.7

0.91

 AA (FYB/FYB)

11.9

13.1

0.48

 GA or AA (FYB carriers)

56.1

56.8

0.74

DARC G298A genotypes (%)

 GG

83.3

85.5

1

 GA

15.6

13.3

0.16

 AA

1.1

1.2

0.87

 GA or AA

16.7

14.5

0.19