Fig. 1

Cytotoxic effect of galactal fused pyrano-pyranone carbohybrid 12. a To calculate half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of carbohybrid 12, P. falciparum 3D7 culture at ring stage was treated with different concentrations (1–50 µM) for one growth cycle. IC₅₀ value was determined by plotting the values of percent growth inhibition against log concentrations of carbohybrid 12. The experiments were performed in duplicates, n = 2 and ± SD value was calculated for each data point. b Percent haemolysis was calculated at different concentrations of carbohybrid 12. Haemolysis was measured as percent of positive control. The released haemoglobin in the supernatant was detected by spectrophotometer at 415 nm. The average of two set of independent experiments for each data point ± standard error of the mean is shown. c Morphological changes in P. falciparum treated with carbohybrid 12 was observed by Giemsa staining (i)–(v) and Atomic force Microscopy (AFM) (i′)–(v′). Parasite cultures were treated with carbohybrid 12 at ring stages of 12 h post infection (hpi) as shown in (i, i′). Panel (ii), (ii′) and (iii), (iii′) represents morphology of trophozoites and late schizonts respectively in untreated control. Panel (iv), (iv′) and (v), (v′) shows the morphological changes in carbohybrid 12 treated parasites at trophozoite and schizonts stages respectively. Respective width/height plots for each stage is shown adjacent to their AFM images. Scale bar = 2 µm