Table 1 Major malaria vector species prevalent in different ecosystems in India
Ecosystem | Major vector species and sibling species observed in ecosystems | Regions/States |
|---|---|---|
Rural plains, undulating plains | An. culicifacies A, B, C, D, E (sibling species with variable prevalence exhibit specific sympatric associations) | Entire country |
Plain and undulating forests (deep valleys, hills and hillocks with thick forests) | An. culicifacies B, C, D+ An. fluviatilis S, T | Central and eastern regions: Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand |
Hilly-forested terrains | An. fluviatilis S, T + An. culicifacies B, C, E An. minimus + An. fluviatilis S, T | Eastern region: Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh Eastern region—parts of Odisha |
Forest and forest-fringe areas of northeast | An. baimaii An. baimaii + An. minimus | All northeastern states Northeastern states: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura |
Foothill regions | An. minimus | Northeastern states |
Deforested areas where rice cultivation is prevalent | An. minimus + An. culicifacies s. l. | Northeastern states: Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim |
Peri-urban areas | An. stephensi + An. culicifacies s. l. | Delhi, Goa, Tamil Nadu, etc. |
Urban and semi-urban areas | An. stephensi—3 ecological forms—type form, intermediate form, var. mysorensis | Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Goa Maharashtra, Kerala, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal |
Arid zone | An. stephensi—type form and var. mysorensis | Rajasthan, Gujarat |
Island ecosystem areas with brackish water and freshwater breeding places | An. sundaicus species D (cytotype D) | Andaman and Nicobar Islands |