Fig. 1

a Population genetic structure of Plasmodium vivax from four populations from the GMS (K = 2–5). The analysis assigns P. vivax haplotypes to a defined number of genetic clusters (K) based on genetic distance. Vertical bars indicate individual P. vivax haplotype and colours represent the ancestry co-efficient (membership) within each cluster. b Principal coordinate analysis of P. vivax haplotypes from four parasite populations. Colours indicate the geographic origin of each sample. CMB China–Myanmar border, TMB Thailand–Myanmar border