Coverage of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) influences delivery outcomes among women with obstetric referrals at the district level in Ghana

Amoakoh-Coleman, Mary; Arhinful, Daniel K.; Klipstein-Grobusch, Kerstin; Ansah, Evelyn K.; Koram, Kwadwo A.

doi:10.1186/s12936-020-03288-4

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of women in the study

From: Coverage of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) influences delivery outcomes among women with obstetric referrals at the district level in Ghana

Variable	Category	Frequency N = 460	%
District	A	94	20.5
	B	62	13.5
	C	304	66.1
Ownership	Government	398	86.5
Ownership	Private	62	13.5
Covered by Health Insurance	Yes	454	98.7
Age category	< 20	58	12.6
	20–35	339	73.7
	> 35	63	13.7
Parity category	0	147	32.0
	1–2	182	39.6
	3–4	103	22.4
	> 4	28	6.1
Highest education attained	None	71	15.4
	Primary/Basic	293	63.7
	Secondary/Vocational	83	18.0
	Tertiary	10	2.2
Marital status	Single	70	15.2
	Married	251	54.6
	Living together	139	30.2
Employed	Yes	348	75.7
Employed	No	112	24.3
Trimester at first ANC visit	1st	227	49.3
	2nd	197	42.7
	3^rd	33	7.2
No. of ANC visits so far	0	18	3.9
	1–3	96	20.9
	≥ 4	344	74.8
Trimester at referral	1st	22	4.8
	2nd	22	4.8
	3rd	410	89.1
Previous pregnancy complication	Yes	62	13.5
Previous pregnancy complication	No	398	86.5
Complication in current pregnancy	Yes	284	61.7
Previous referral in current pregnancy	Yes	12	2.6
Type of referring facility/where ANC and IPTp were received	Health center	375	81.5
	Polyclinic	38	8.3
	Clinic	38	6.1
	CHPS	19	4.1
Is referral emergency	Yes	243	52.8
Reason for referral	Complication	380	82.6
	Lack of required staff	79	17.2
	Lack of space/bed	3	0.7
	Lack of logistic/supplies/infrastructure	36	7.8
	Lack of required service	28	6.1
Clinical Indication (complication) for this referral	Anemia	50	10.87
	Vaginal bleeding/APH	21	4.6
	Fetal distress	10	2.2
	IUFD/No fetal heart	13	2.8
	Malaria in pregnancy	6	1.3
	Malpresentation	19	4.1
	PIH/Preeclampsia/Eclampsia	82	17.8
	Post date	60	13.0
	Postpartum hemorrhage	6	1.3
	Previous caesarean section	40	8.7
	Prolonged labor	29	6.3
	Other	79	17.2
IPTp Doses received by delivery	0	90	19.6
	1–3	279	60.7
	4–5	83	18.0
	> 5	6	1.3
	< 5 (Inadequate, NMCP)	420	91.3
	≥ 5 (Adequate, NMCP)	40	8.7
	< 3 (Inadequate, WHO)	237	51.5
	≥ 3 (Adequate, WHO)	223	48.5
Gestational maturity at delivery	Pre term	63	13.7
	Term	288	62.6
	Post maturity	109	23.7
Hemoglobin at delivery	Normal	78	17.0
	Mild anemia	194	42.2
	Moderate anemia	188	40.8
Maternal complication developed at delivery	Yes	182	39.6
	Anemia	12	2.6
	Abruptio placenta	7	1.5
	PIH/eclampsia	33	7.2
	Prolonged/obstructed labor	48	10.4
	Malpresentation	32	7.0
	Postpartum hemorrhage	8	1.7
New-born complication	Yes	87	18.9
	Low Birth Weight	38	8.3
	Fetal distress	25	5.4
	Asphyxia	18	3.9
	Stillbirth	6	1.3
	Intrauterine death	2	0.4
	Sepsis	12	2.8
	Jaundice	1	0.2
Birth weight category	Low birth weight	39	8.5
	Normal	397	86.3
	Big baby	10	2.2
Sex of baby	Male	253	54.9
Sex of baby	Female	207	45.1

Variable	Mean (95% CI)	Standard deviation	Median	Inter-quartile range
Age of woman (years)	28.0 (27.4 –28.6)	6.5	28.0	10.0
Gestational age at first ANC (months)	3.7 (3.5–3.9)	1.8	3.0	3.0
Gestational age at referral (weeks)	35.5 (34.7–36.2)	7.9	38.0	5.0
Gestational age at delivery (weeks)	38.4 (38.0–38.8)	3.8	39.0	2.0
Hemoglobin at delivery (g/dl)	10.0 (9.9–10.2)	1.6	10.1	2.5
Birth weight (kg)	3.1 (3.05–3.14)	0.5	3.1	0.6
Doses of IPTp received	2.2 (2.1–2.4)	1.5	2.0	2.0

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