Type of malaria | Severe malaria | Uncomplicated malaria | Severe malaria | Uncomplicated malaria | Non-EMBLEM data | EMBLEM data | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malaria conditionsa | Anaemia | Hyperparasitaemia | Moderate malaria | Prostration | Cerebral | Mild malaria | Burkitt lymphoma | Asymptomatic controls | Burkitt lymphoma (n = 850) | Healthy controls (n = 2878) |
Demographics | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Age, years (mean + SD) | 1.73 (1.73) | 1.88 (1.94) | 2.21 (1.25) | 2.29(2.27) | 2.64 (2.59) | 3.22 (3.78) | 7.1 (2.9) | 9.8 (2.2) | 7.16 (3.57) | 7.39 (3.32) |
 0–2 | 76.8% | 52.0% | 73.5% | 65.5% | 55.4% | 48.0% | 2.4% | 0.1% | 10.1% | 6.7% |
 3–5 | 22.5% | 46.3% | 26.4% | 29.0% | 34.8% | 28.7% | 30.6% | 4.07% | 34.8% | 35.4% |
 6–8 | 0.7% | 1.7% | 0.1% | 5.3% | 9.1% | 16.8% | 38.6% | 31.5% | 24.9% | 29.6% |
 9–11 | 0.00% | < 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.2% | 0.7% | 6.4% | 18.0% | 48.5% | 16.7% | 14.6% |
 12–15 | 0.00% | 0.00% | < 0.01% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 10.4% | 15.9% | 13.4% | 13.7% |
Gender | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Male | 52.9% | 51.4% | 56.5% | 52.5% | 48.3% | 51.7% | 63.2% | 47.8% | 61.7% | 53.4% |
Female | 47.1% | 48.6% | 43.5% | 47.5% | 51.7% | 48.3% | 36.8% | 52.2% | 38.3% | 46.6% |
Male:Female Ratio | 1.12:1 | 1.06:1 | 1.30:1 | 1.11:1 | 0.93:1 | 1.07:1 | 1.71:1 | 1.15:1 | 1.61:1 | 1.15:1 |
Mortality | ||||||||||
 % deaths from condition | 2.7% | 7.20% | 5.00% | 6.70% | 26.70% | < 1% | 15.69% | < 1%a | – | – |
Malaria symptoms | ||||||||||
 Multiple Seizures | 4.7% | 26.0% | 1.99% | 60.00% | 78.00% | 0.00% | – | 0.00% | – | – |
 Headaches | – | – | 88.00% | 0.00% | 12.00% | – | – | 0.00% | 30.52% | 4.34% |
 Weakness/Lethargy | – | 27.4% | 14.00% | 100.00% | 12.40% | – | – | 0.00% | 66.18% | 1.50% |
 Diarrhoea | 40.6% | – | 43.00% | – | 6.10% | 35.00% | – | 0.00% | 1.72% | 0.53% |
 Myalgia | – | – | 11.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | – | – | 0.00% | 20.34% | 0.04% |
 Nausea/vomiting | 64.1% | – | 58.00% | – | 36.90% | 39.00% | – | 0.00% | 17.28% | 1.64% |
Malaria signs | ||||||||||
 Fever (> 37.5 °C) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Temperature (mean + SD) | 37.3 (1.5)°C | 37.9 (1.6)°C | 37.5 (2.16)°C | 38.0 (1.4)°C | 37.94 (1.41) °C | 37.7 (2.75)°C | – | 36.3 (–)°C | – | – |
 % fever, last 6 months | 56.5% | 60.6% | 51.00% | 64.00% | 62.30% | 56.52% | – | 0.00% | 62.01% | 70.93% |
 Dry cough | 33.0% | – | 36.00% | – | 39.55% | 26.00% | – | 0.00% | 26.23% | 12.88% |
 Coma | 0% (5) | 0% (5) | 0% (≥ 4) | 0% (≤ 3) | 98% (≤ 2) | 0% (5) | – | 0% (5) | 0% (5) | 0% (5) |
 Hepatosplenomegaly | 68.0% | 63.0% | 13.00% | 22.90% | 55.00% | < 1% | – | 0.00% | 59.80% | 0.24% |
 Jaundice | 83.3% | 24.0% | 1.49% | 28.60% | 86.70% | 4.10% | – | 0.00% | 11.64% | 0.63% |
 Pallor | 37.5% | 24.0% | 42.00% | – | 34.55% | 4.00% | – | 0.00% | – | – |
 Respiratory distress | 61.0% | 71.0% | 7.67% | 100.00% | 72.00% | 7.00% | – | 0.00% | 33.09% | 0.67% |
Haemoglobin (HB), g/dL | ||||||||||
 Hb (mean + SD) | 3.8 (1.3) | 4.9 (3.1) | 7.8(2.38) | 10.0 (3.3) | 6.76 (3.24) | 11.5 (0.8) | 10.35 (3.24) | 11.7(1) | 10.05 (2.30) | 12.26 (1.56) |
Anaemia | ||||||||||
 Any (< 11 g/dL) | 100.0% | 97.4% | 91.01% | 61.80% | 90.40% | 26.19% | 57.80% | 23.88% | 63.42% | 17.84% |
 Mild (8.0–10.9 g/dL) | 0.06% | 13.7% | 37.83% | 34.67% | 25.62% | 26.19% | 34.47% | 23.87% | 43.97% | 16.47% |
 Moderate (5.1–7.9 g/dL) | 17.6% | 32.6% | 41.23% | 20.64% | 35.40% | 0.00% | 18.38% | 0.01% | 18.49% | 1.29% |
 Severe (< 5 g/dL) | 82.3% | 51.1% | 11.95% | 6.49% | 29.38% | 0.00% | 4.95% | 0.00% | 0.96% | 0.08% |
Platelet count | ||||||||||
 Platelets (mean + SD) × 103) | 126.0 (109.0) | 88.1 (85.3) | 159.0(143.8) | 100.7 (127.9) | 82.5 (94.1) | 247(168) | 347.7 (220.6) | 244.2 (135.3) | 353.4 (184.3) | 306.5 (117.7) |
 Normal (150,000–300,000 Platelets/µL) | 41.3% | 23.4% | 52.40% | 35.00% | 23.65% | 71.82% | 81.50% | 74.94% | 88.24% | 94.83% |
 Low (< 150,000 Platelets/µL) | 58.7% | 76.6% | 47.60% | 65.00% | 76.35% | 28.18% | 18.50% | 25.06% | 11.76% | 5.17% |
White blood cell (WBC) | ||||||||||
 WBC (Mean + SD) (× 103) | 13.3 (11.1) | 12.3 (10.1) | 10.3 (5.19) | 8.3 (5.5) | 10.31 (7.79) | 13.5 (8.1) | 8.18 (4.12) | 7.1 (4.33) | 8.89 (6.96) | 7.41 (3.29) |
 High (> 10,000 cells/µL) | 66.0% | 62.0% | 52.3% | 38.1% | 46.0% | 66.7% | 33.4% | 25.1% | 26.6% | 12.9% |
 Normal (< 10,000 cells/µL) | 34.0% | 38.0% | 47.7% | 61.9% | 54.0% | 33.3% | 66.6% | 74.9% | 73.4% | 87.0% |
Malaria parasite tests | ||||||||||
 Malaria RDT,  % | – | – | – | – | – |  | 46% | 38.43% | 25.98% | 43.81% |
Parasite density (parasites/µL) | ||||||||||
 Mean density + SD) × 103) | 49.4 (99.4) | 869.3 (1166.2) | 30.34(47.06) | 44.6 (74.4) | 38.9 (103.8) | 13.905 (38.49) |  | 1.827 (4.610) | 2.81 (13.47) | 7.78 (34.61) |
 Density < 250,000/uL) | 97.8% | 0.0% | 100.0% | 99.7% | 97.9% | 100.0% |  | 100.0% | 100.0% | 99.6% |
 Density > 250,000/uL) | 2.18% | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.29% | 2.10% | 0.00% |  | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.39% |