Table 3 Logistic regression results to assess the risk factors associated with RDT positivity: Individuals ≥ 10 years old

Sociodemographic characteristics

Sex

Female

6209 (58.2%)

59 (40.1%)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

Male

4455 (41.8%)

88 (59.9%)

2.10 (1.51–2.93)

p < 0.001

1.93 (1.10–3.36)

p = 0.021

Age (years)

10–14 years

2420 (22.7%)

67 (45.6%)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

15–19 years

1731 (16.2%)

27 (18.4%)

0.56 (0.35–0.87)

p = 0.011

0.67 (0.38–1.17)

p = 0.156

20–29 years

2601 (24.4%)

22 (15.0%)

0.30 (0.18–0.49)

p < 0.001

0.31 (0.17–0.56)

p < 0.001

30–39 years

1588 (14.9%)

14 (9.5%)

0.31 (0.17–0.56)

p < 0.001

0.36 (0.18–0.72)

p = 0.004

40–49 years

923 (8.7%)

6 (4.1%)

0.23 (0.10–0.53)

p < 0.001

0.22 (0.08–0.56)

p = 0.002

50–59 years

644 (6.0%)

4 (2.7%)

0.22 (0.08–0.60)

p = 0.003

0.20 (0.07–0.63)

p = 0.006

60+ years

757 (7.1%)

7 (4.8%)

0.33 (0.15–0.72)

p = 0.005

0.33 (0.14–0.79)

p = 0.013

Education

None/illiterate

8635 (81.0%)

119 (81.0%)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

Primary/Arabic school

1784 (16.7%)

21 (14.3%)

0.85 (0.53–1.36)

p = 0.503

0.65 (0.33–1.30)

p = 0.227

Secondary/university

227 (2.1%)

6 (4.1%)

1.94 (0.85–4.46)

p = 0.117

6.12 (1.97–19.08)

p = 0.002

Other

18 (0.2%)

1 (0.7%)

4.21 (0.56–31.89)

p = 0.164

7.05 (0.86–57.67)

p = 0.068

Occupation

Farmer/shepherd

3368 (31.6%)

52 (35.4%)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

Student

982 (9.2%)

12 (8.2%)

0.79 (0.42–1.48)

p = 0.462

0.70 (0.27–1.85)

p = 0.473

Housekeeper

4315 (40.5%)

33 (22.4%)

0.49 (0.32–0.76)

p < 0.001

0.84 (0.40–1.74)

p = 0.633

Unemployed

1633 (15.3%)

43 (29.3%)

1.72 (1.15–2.59)

p = 0.009

1.25 (0.70–2.25)

p = 0.447

Other

366 (3.4%)

7 (4.8%)

1.24 (0.56–2.76)

p = 0.592

1.18 (0.44–3.15)

p = 0.738

Individual malaria risk factors

Used a bed net on previous night

No

3893 (36.5%)

55 (37.4%)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

Yes

6771 (63.5%)

92 (62.6%)

0.96 (0.69–1.35)

p = 0.818

0.77 (0.51–1.18)

p = 0.233

Travelled outside of district in previous two weeks

No

10,315 (96.7%)

144 (98.0%)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

Yes

349 (3.3%)

3 (2.0%)

0.61 (0.19–1.93)

p = 0.403

0.82 (0.18–3.81)

p = 0.805

Axillary temperature ≥ 37.5 °C or reported fever within previous 24 h

No

10,319 (96.8%)

101 (68.7%)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

Yes

345 (3.2%)

46 (31.3%)

15.56 (10.78–22.47)

p < 0.001

24.75 (15.20–40.30)

p < 0.001

Used anti-malarial in previous month

No

10,610 (99.5%)

138 (93.9%)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

Yes

54 (0.5%)

9 (6.1%)

15.18 (7.28–31.65)

p < 0.001

8.67 (3.30–22.77)

p < 0.001

Household-level risk factors

> 1 RDT positives in household

No

10,349 (97.0%)

88 (59.9%)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

Yes

315 (3.0%)

59 (40.1%)

26.87 (18.89–38.22)

p < 0.001

20.10 (12.90–31.31)

p < 0.001

Other members of household travelled outside of district in previous two weeks

No

8430 (79.1%)

132 (89.8%)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

Yes

2234 (20.9%)

15 (10.2%)

0.42 (0.25–0.73)

p = 0.002

0.62 (0.32–1.20)

p = 0.159

Health facility catchment area

Dounde

1321 (12.4%)

13 (8.8%)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

Salalatou

1703 (16.0%)

57 (38.8%)

3.48 (1.90–6.39)

p < 0.001

2.53 (1.18–5.43)

p = 0.017

Oudalaye

1012 (9.5%)

14 (9.5%)

1.41 (0.66–3.02)

p = 0.374

2.16 (0.83–5.57)

p = 0.113

Niaghana tidel

3602 (33.8%)

18 (12.2%)

3.03 (1.55–5.93)

p < 0.001

2.02 (0.86–4.75)

p = 0.107

Mbem mbem

889 (8.3%)

26 (17.7%)

0.90 (0.44–1.83)

p = 0.777

1.03 (0.43–2.47)

p = 0.940

Gassane

2137 (20.0%)

19 (12.9%)

0.51 (0.25–1.03)

p = 0.062

0.43 (0.18–1.03)

p = 0.058

Constant

0.01 (0.00–0.02)

p < 0.001

Total

10,664

147

10,664

10,664