Class of insecticide | Trade name (active ingredient (s) | Primary site/mode of action in an insect/vector | Agricultural use | Public health use | Known resistance and resistance mechanism in disease vectors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pyrethroids | Karate 5 EC (lambda-cyhalothrin) | Voltage-gated sodium channels/neurotoxic | Control of bollworms and aphids in vegetables and cotton [42] | Knock-down mutation [45] Metabolic resistance [46] Cuticle thickening [47] | |
Organophosphates | Dasba 40 EC (chloropyrifos) | Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors | Insecticide against insect pests in fruits, beans, tomatoes, cotton, coffee and green vegetables [48] | Disease and vector control (IRS and LLINs) [49] | Metabolic resistance [50] |
Neonicotinoids | Amekan C344 SE (200Â g/l of imidacloprid and 144Â g/l of cypermethrin) | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (n AChRs) | Systemic insecticides with contact and stomach action against sucking and chewing pests on cotton, vegetables and flowers [51]. | ||
Carbamates | Farmerzeb 80 WP (80% WP of mancozeb) | Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors | A broad spectrum protectant and preventive fungicide for the control of fungal diseases on vegetables | Disease and vector control (IRS and LLINs) [56] |