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Table 4 Similarities between agricultural and public health insecticide classes and reported resistance mechanisms in disease vectors

From: Patterns of pesticide usage in agriculture in rural Tanzania call for integrating agricultural and public health practices in managing insecticide-resistance in malaria vectors

Class of insecticide

Trade name (active ingredient (s)

Primary site/mode of action in an insect/vector

Agricultural use

Public health use

Known resistance and resistance mechanism in disease vectors

Pyrethroids

Karate 5 EC (lambda-cyhalothrin)

Voltage-gated sodium channels/neurotoxic

Control of bollworms and aphids in vegetables and cotton [42]

Disease and vector control (IRS and LLINs) [43, 44]

Knock-down mutation [45]

Metabolic resistance [46]

Cuticle thickening [47]

Organophosphates

Dasba 40 EC (chloropyrifos)

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors

Insecticide against insect pests in fruits, beans, tomatoes, cotton, coffee and green vegetables [48]

Disease and vector control (IRS and LLINs) [49]

Metabolic resistance [50]

Neonicotinoids

Amekan C344 SE (200 g/l of imidacloprid and 144 g/l of cypermethrin)

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (n AChRs)

Systemic insecticides with contact and stomach action against sucking and chewing pests on cotton, vegetables and flowers [51].

Prequalified vector and disease control products [52, 53]

Metabolic resistance and target-sites [54, 55]

Carbamates

Farmerzeb 80 WP (80% WP of mancozeb)

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors

A broad spectrum protectant and preventive fungicide for the control of fungal diseases on vegetables

Disease and vector control (IRS and LLINs) [56]

Metabolic resistance [57, 58]