Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
No | Reference | Study area (years of the survey) | Research design | All Plasmodium spp. | Severe malaria | Deaths | Impaired consciousness | Severe anaemia | Renal impairment | Hyperbilirubinaemia | Pulmonary complications | Shock |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Bottieau et al. [26] | Belgium (2000–2005) | Prospective cohort study | P. vivax = 48 P. ovale = 34 P. malariae = 16 | P. vivax = 8 P. malariae = 3 P. ovale = 4 |  |  |  |  | P. vivax = 8 P. ovale = 4 P. malariae = 3 |  |  |
2. | Chaparro et al. [23] | Colombia (2010) | Medical records | P. vivax = 82,856 P. falciparum = 32,777 P. malariae = 47 Mixed = 1428 | P. falciparum = 282 P. vivax = 293 P. malariae = 6 Mixed = 32 |  | P. vivax = 44 P. falciparum = 59 P. malariae = 1 |  | P. vivax = 66 P. falciparum = 88 P. malariae = 2 | P. vivax = 130 P. falciparum = 99 P. malariae = 1 | P. vivax = 34 P. falciparum = 31 P. malariae = 2 |  |
3. | Douglas et al. [21] | Indonesia (2004–2012) | Medical records | P. falciparum = 44,171 P. vivax = 28,841 P. ovale = 110 P. malariae = 4045 Mixed = 14,206 | P. falciparum = 2444 P. vivax = 1050 P. malariae = 95 P. ovale = 0 Mixed = 718 |  |  | P. falciparum = 2466 P. vivax = 1050 P. ovale = 0 P. malariae = 95 Mixed = 718 |  |  |  |  |
4. | Hwang et al. [24] | USA (1985–2011) | Medical records | P. falciparum = 15,272 P. vivax = 12,152 P. ovale = 903 P. malariae = 1254 Mixed = 226 | P. falciparum = 1416 P. vivax = 163 P. malariae = 22 P. ovale = 18 Mixed = No report | P. falciparum = 122 P. vivax = 10 P. ovale = 2 P. malariae = 2 | P. falciparum = 514 P. vivax = 37 P. ovale = 4 P. malariae = 2 | P. falciparum = 140 P. vivax = 16 P. ovale = 6 P. malariae = 3 | P. falciparum = 503 P. vivax = 48 P. ovale = 6 P. malariae = 7 |  | P. falciparum = 176 P. vivax = 35 P. ovale = 4 P. malariae = 2 |  |
5. | Langford et al. [22] | Indonesia (2004–2013) | Medical records | P. falciparum = 100,078 P. vivax = 65,306 P. ovale = 120 P. malariae = 5097 Mixed = 25,779 | P. falciparum = No report P. vivax = No report P. malariae = 232 P. ovale = No report Mixed = No report | P. malariae = 16 |  | P. falciparum = 2521 P. vivax = 1099 P. ovale = 0 P. malariae = 250 Mixed = 782 | P. falciparum = 415 P. vivax = 81 P. ovale = 0 P. malariae = 16 Mixed = 84 |  | P. falciparum = 1095 P. vivax = 938 P. ovale = 1 P. malariae = 44 Mixed = 343 |  |
6. | Wangdahl et al. [25] | Sweden (1995–2015) | Medical records | P. falciparum = 1548 P. vivax = 776 P. ovale = 188 P. malariae = 61 Mixed = 44 | P. falciparum = 146 P. vivax = 60 P. malariae = 2 P. ovale = 10 Mixed = 8 | P. falciparum = 3 P. vivax = 0 P. ovale = 0 P. malariae = 0 Mixed = 1 | P. falciparum = 28 P. vivax = 1 P. ovale = 1 P. malariae = 0 Mixed = 1 | P. falciparum = 16 P. vivax = 15 P. ovale = 0 P. malariae = 1 Mixed = 4 | P. falciparum = 31 P. vivax = 1 P. ovale = 0 P. malariae = 0 Mixed = 3 | P. falciparum = 66 P. vivax = 28 P. ovale = 6 P. malariae = 0 Mixed = 4 | P. falciparum = 15 P. vivax = 4 P. ovale = 2 P. malariae = 0 Mixed = 0 | P. falciparum = 33 P. vivax = 8 P. ovale = 2 P. malariae = 1 Mixed = 3 |
|  | Total |  |  | P. falciparum = 93,768 (four studies: 2, 3, 4, 6) P. vivax = 124,625 (five studies: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6) P. malariae = 10,520 (all six studies) P. ovale = 1235 (four studies: 1, 3, 4, 6) Mixed = 15, 678 (three studies: 2, 3, 6) | P. falciparum = 4, 288 (four studies: 2,3,4,6) P. vivax = 1574 (five studies: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6) P. malariae = 360 (all six studies) P. ovale = 32 (four studies: 1, 3, 4, 6), Mixed = 758 (three studies: 2, 3, 6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |