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Table 2 Risk factors for Plasmodium infection incidence among children aged 5–15 years in Banfora region of Burkina Faso

From: A cohort study to identify risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum infection in Burkinabe children: implications for other high burden high impact countries

Variables

Number of children

Number of infections

Time at risk (years)

Rate

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

IRR (95% CI)

P value

IRR (95% CI)

P value

Age (years)

 5–7

76

164

31.09

5.28

  

 8–15

176

386

71.40

5.41

1.02 (0.94–1.12)

0.59

  

Gender

 Male

131

288

52.93

5.44

  

 Female

121

262

49.56

5.29

0.97 (0.90–1.05)

0.46

  

Ethnic group

 Other ethnicity

236

519

95.82

5.42

  

 Fulani

16

31

6.66

4.65

0.86 (0.65–1.13)

0.28

  

Caregiver’s education

 Illiterate

199

443

80.45

5.51

  

 Literate

53

107

22.04

4.86

0.88 (0.76–1.02)

0.09

  

Caregiver’s occupation

 Farmer

240

523

97.39

5.37

  

 Non farmer

12

27

5.09

5.30

0.99 (0.83–1.18)

0.89

  

Religion

 Muslims

170

375

68.97

5.44

  

 Christians

33

67

13.93

4.81

0.88 (0.77–1.02)

0.09

  

 Animists

49

108

19.58

5.51

1.01 (0.87–1.18)

0.85

  

SES quintile

 Poorest

46

102

20.16

5.06

1.04 (0.99–1.09)

0.14

  

 Poor

44

95

18.47

5.14

  

 Middle

44

98

18.21

5.38

  

 Rich

46

103

19.34

5.33

  

 Richest

47

106

17.79

5.96

  

SES factor score

 1 unit increase

1.06 (1.01–1.11)

0.03

1.05 (1.00–1.11)*

0.04

Travel history during the study period

 No

246

537

100.93

5.32

   

 Yes

6

13

1.55

8.39

1.58 (1.31–1.90)

 < 0.001

1.52 (1.45–1.59)$

 < 0.001

Slept under bed net previous night

 Yes

203

448

83.55

5.36

  

 No

49

102

18.93

5.39

1.00 (0.78–1.29)

0.97

  

Number of people sleeping in the child room (including child)

  ≤ 6

55

124

23.10

5.37

   

 6 < no. ≤ 12

118

265

46.32

5.72

1.07 (0.94–1.21)

0.33

  

  > 12

79

161

33.06

4.87

0.91 (0.79–1.04)

0.16

  

Bed net integrity (at final survey in December)

 Good (pHI: 0–64)

155

331

62.63

5.28

   

 Damaged (pHI: 65–642)

36

81

15.71

5.16

0.98 (0.83–1.15)

0.76

  

 Too torn (pHI: 643 +)

58

134

23.52

5.70

1.08 (0.97–1.20)

0.18

  

Used other personal protective measures

 No

184

407

74.64

5.45

  

 Yes

58

125

24.53

5.10

0.93 (0.81–1.08)

0.36

  

Housing: roof of child’s sleeping room

 Metal

191

420

77.60

5.41

   

 Non metal

52

114

21.85

5.22

0.96 (0.85–1.09)

0.57

  

Housing: floor of the child’s sleeping room

 Cement/tiles

178

388

72.91

5.32

  

 Dirt

65

146

26.54

5.50

1.03 (0.94–1.13)

0.48

  

Housing: wall of the child’s sleeping room

 Mud

65

151

26.54

5.69

  

 Brick

146

309

59.15

5.22

0.92 (0.83–1.02)

0.12

  

 Cement

32

74

13.77

5.37

0.94 (0.83–1.08)

0.39

  

Housing: eaves of the child’s sleeping room

 Open

138

299

56.57

5.29

   

 Closed

102

229

41.60

5.51

1.04 (0.91–1.20)

0.57

  

Cows, horses, sheep or goats within 5 m of child’s home

 Present

169

371

67.80

5.47

   

 Absent

80

174

33.51

5.19

0.95 (0.83–1.09)

0.46

  

Euclidean distance to the nearest positive aquatic habitat

  <  = 300 m

127

266

51.76

5.14

  

 > 300 m

125

284

50.72

5.60

1.09 (1.00–1.19)

0.06

  

Distance by road to nearest health centre

        

 <  = 2 km

119

252

49.65

5.08

  

 > 2 km

133

298

52.83

5.64

1.11 (1.00–1.24)

0.06

  

EIR (village-level)

        

-

 

1.00 (1.00–1.00)

0.08

  

% mortality in WHO tube test with 0.05% deltamethrin diagnostic dose

        

-

1.05 (0.73–1.50)

0.79

  
  1. IRR incidence rate ratio, *IRR adjusted for travel history, $IRR adjusted for SES factor score