Fig. 3

DMF down regulates ICAM1 expression and ITgICAM1 binding to HBMVEC. a Surface expression of ICAM1, EPCR, VCAM1, E selectin and CD31 were measured by flow cytometry on resting or TNF treated HBMVEC for 8 h with or without 6 h-pretreatment with DMF (n = 3–5 independent experiments). Fold expression relative to unstimulated cells are shown. Results were analysed using analysis of variance followed by post-hoc multiple comparisons using Sidak’s test. **p < 0.001, ***p < 0.0001. b Cytoadherence of laboratory strains ITgICAM1 (DC17) and IT4var19 (DC8) to primary HBMVEC was measured by semi-static binding assay, numbers of infected erythrocytes (IE) bound to 500 endothelial cells (EC) are shown. HBMVEC were left untreated, or stimulated with TNF (10 ng/ml), or DMF (50 μM) added 6 h prior to TNF for 20 h prior to parasite binding (n = 2–5 independent experiments, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, analysis of variance followed by post-hoc multiple comparisons using Turkey’s test). Bars in a and b depict the mean with SEM