Fig. 5

Increased CM parasite cytoadherence to TNF-stimulated HBMVEC, without change in binding in DMF pre-treated cells. a Cytoadherence of 8 CM parasite lines to resting HBMVEC or after 24 h of stimulation with TNF (10 ng/ml). Numbers of P. falciparum-IE bound to 500 endothelial cells (EC) are shown. All isolates had increased binding to TNF stimulated HBMVEC except where noted (n = 2–3, p < 0.0001, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test). b Cytoadherence of 8 CM parasite lines to resting and TNF stimulated primary HBMVEC with or without 6 h of DMF pre-treatment, numbers of IE bound to 500 EC are shown (n = 2–5 independent experiments, ***p < 0.001, analysis of variance followed by post-hoc multiple comparisons using Turkey’s test). Bars in a and b depict the mean with SEM variance