Table 3 Comparison of the effects of the treatment interventions on larval mosquito density in the sampled villages in Malindi, Nyabondo and Tolay study sites using generalized estimating equations

Anopheline larval mosquito density

Overall

 Arm 1

Reference

 Arm 2

0.65 (0.57–0.74), p < 0.001

0.90 (0.73–1.11), p = 0.330

0.85 (0.70–1.04), p = 0.124

0.21 (0.16–0.28), p < 0.001

 Arm 3

0.93 (0.83–1.05), p = 0.234

0.85 (0.69–1.06), p = 0.143

0.92 (0.76–1.13), p = 0.447

0.88 (0.72–1.08), p = 0.225

 Arm 4

0.96 (0.85–1.07), p = 0.441

1.11 (0.90–1.36), p = 0.340

0.83 (0.68–1.02), p = 0.072

0.85 (0.69–1.05), p = 0.125

Malindi

 Arm 1

Reference

 Arm 2

0.15 (0.10–0.21), p < 0.001

39.74 (0.01–311,676.8), p = 0.421

0.13 (0.08–0.21), p < 0.001

0.03 (0.01–0.08), p < 0.001

 Arm 3

0.24 (0.16–0.36), p < 0.001

2.72 (0–40,914.24), p = 0.839

0.11 (0.05–0.24), p < 0.001

0.37 (0.22–0.62), p < 0.001

 Arm 4

0.07 (0.05–0.10), p < 0.001

0

0.09 (0.05–0.15), p < 0.001

0.03 (0.01–0.06), p < 0.001

Nyabondo

 Arm 1

Reference

 Arm 2

0.80 (0.67–0.94), p = 0.008

0.68 (0.54–0.87), p = 0.002

1.44 (1.06–1.94), p = 0.018

0.26 (0.16–0.41), p < 0.001

 Arm 3

1.54 (1.32–1.79), p < 0.001

0.87 (0.69–1.09), p = 0.215

2.17 (1.63–2.88), p < 0.001

1.99 (1.47–2.69), p < 0.001

 Arm 4

1.51 (1.29–1.76), p < 0.001

1.05 (0.84–1.32), p = 0.675

1.35 (0.99–1.84), p = 0.058

2.33 (1.72–3.15), p < 0.001

Tolay

 Arm 1

Reference

 Arm 2

0.79 (0.55–1.11), p = 0.175

1.65 (0.86–3.16), p = 0.134

0.62 (0.35–1.10), p = 0.101

0.63 (0.32–1.24), p = 0.182

 Arm 3

1.03 (0.69–1.52), p = 0.892

1.39 (0.67–2.89), p = 0.370

1.07 (0.57–2.02), p = 0.840

0.76 (0.36–1.60), p = 0.468

 Arm 4

0.74 (0.53–1.03), p = 0.077

1.42 (0.75–2.67), p = 0.277

0.59 (0.34–1.02), p = 0.059

0.58 (0.31–1.08), p = 0.086

Culicine larval mosquito density

Overall

 Arm 1

Reference

 Arm 2

0.88 (0.79–0.98), p = 0.016

0.59 (0.50–0.71), p < 0.001

2.46 (2.01–3.02), p < 0.001

0.39 (0.32–0.48), p < 0.001

 Arm 3

1.23 (1.11–1.37), p < 0.001

1.06 (0.90–1.25), p = 0.489

1.84 (1.48–2.28), p < 0.001

0.86 (0.72–1.04), p = 0.114

 Arm 4

1.37 (1.24–1.52), p < 0.001

1.05 (0.89–1.25), p = 0.535

2.27 (1.85–2.79), p < 0.001

1.11 (0.93–1.32), p = 0.244

Malindi

 Arm 1

Reference

 Arm 2

3.33 (1.93–5.76), p < 0.001

13.41 (0–41,102.22), p = 0.526

12.44 (2.55–60.58), p = 0.002

2.81 (1.49–5.27), p = 0.001

 Arm 3

1.82 (0.96–3.45), p = 0.064

20.09 (0.01–68,418.63), p = 0.470

2.79 (0.45–17.39), p = 0.272

1.53 (0.75–3.13), p = 0.246

 Arm 4

1.04 (0.59–1.84), p = 0.880

6.37 (1.31–31.12), p = 0.022

0.41 (0.20–0.83), p = 0.014

Nyabondo

 Arm 1

Reference

 Arm 2

0.65 (0.57–0.75), p < 0.001

0.57 (0.47–0.70), p < 0.001

2.88 (2.13–3.89), p < 0.001

0.10 (0.07–0.15), p < 0.001

 Arm 3

1.51 (1.34–1.70), p < 0.001

1.19 (1.00–1.42), p = 0.052

3.49 (2.60–4.70), p < 0.001

0.97 (0.79–1.19), p = 0.759

 Arm 4

1.41 (1.25–1.59), p < 0.001

1.10 (0.92–1.32), p = 0.310

2.09 (1.53–2.87), p < 0.001

1.32 (1.08–1.61), p = 0.006

Tolay

 Arm 1

Reference

 Arm 2

0.69 (0.51–0.93), p = 0.014

0.72 (0.41–1.28), p = 0.269

0.76 (0.49–1.16), p = 0.203

0.56 (0.30–1.07), p = 0.078

 Arm 3

0.64 (0.45–0.91), p = 0.014

0.84 (0.45–1.56), p = 0.576

0.64 (0.38–1.10), p = 0.106

0.45 (0.21–0.94), p = 0.035

 Arm 4

0.78 (0.59–1.03), p = 0.082

0.83 (0.49–1.42), p = 0.500

0.88 (0.58–1.33), p = 0.537

0.57 (0.32–1.03), p = 0.064