Fig. 1

Map showing (a) location of Botswana in Africa and (b) malaria endemic districts in the northern part of the country: [Okavango (1), Ngamiland (2), Chobe (3), Tutume (4), Boteti (5) and Bobirwa (6)], with study site villages (black up-pointing triangle) in Okavango (Mohembo), Ngamiland (Shorobe) and Bobirwa (Mothabaneng)