Table 3 Association between placental malaria and other malaria outcomes during infancy
From: Infant sex modifies associations between placental malaria and risk of malaria in infancy
Outcome measure | Infant category | Placental malaria categories | Number of cases (incidence PPY) | Unadjusted | Adjusteda | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IRR (95% CI) | p-value | IRR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
Incidence of complicated malaria | All | No PM (351) | 30 (0.092) | Reference group | Reference group | ||
Active PM (78) | 12 (0.17) | 1.89 (0.93–3.87) | 0.08 | 1.72 (0.81–3.66) | 0.16 | ||
Past PM (mild-mod) (181) | 14 (0.09) | 0.97 (0.52–1.81) | 0.91 | 0.99 (0.52–1.92) | 0.98 | ||
Past PM (severe) (46) | 9 (0.21) | 2.30 (0.97–5.43) | 0.06 | 2.44 (0.93–6.37) | 0.07 | ||
Male | No PM (168) | 13 (0.08) | Reference group | Reference group | |||
Active PM (45) | 6 (0.04) | 1.78 (0.63–5.02) | 0.27 | 1.18 (0.39–3.62) | 0.77 | ||
Past PM (mild-mod) (90) | 11 (0.14) | 1.68 (0.76–3.68) | 0.20 | 1.54 (0.44–3.45) | 0.30 | ||
Past PM (severe) (17) | 6 (0.39) | 4.61 (1.50–14.22) | 0.008 | 3.88 (1.14–13.03) | 0.03 | ||
Female | No PM (183) | 17 (0.10) | Reference group | Reference group | |||
Active PM (33) | 6 (0.21) | 2.09 (0.78–5.64) | 0.15 | 2.60 (0.91–7.44) | 0.14 | ||
Past PM (mild-mod) (91) | 3 (0.04) | 0.38 (0.11–1.29) | 0.12 | 0.44 (0.13–1.54) | 0.20 | ||
Past PM (severe) (29) | 3 (0.11) | 1.12 (0.34–3.66) | 0.85 | 1.63 (0.46–5.81) | 0.45 | ||
Prevalence measures | Infant category | Placental malaria categories | Prevalence n/N (%) | Risk ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Risk ratio (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence of prasitaemia | All | No PM (351) | 377/4170 (9.0%) | Reference group | Reference group | ||
Active PM (78) | 82/858 (9.6%) | 1.07 (0.76–1.52) | 0.70 | 1.19 (0.82–1.73) | 0.36 | ||
Past PM (mild-mod) (181) | 154/1993 (7.7%) | 0.85 (0.65–1.12) | 0.26 | 0.86 (0.65–1.14) | 0.28 | ||
Past PM (severe) (46) | 61/542 (11.3%) | 1.22 (0.84–1.77) | 0.30 | 1.38 (0.90–2.10) | 0.14 | ||
Male | No PM (168) | 170/1964 (8.7%) | Reference group | Reference group | |||
Active PM (45) | 50/498 (10.0%) | 1.17 (0.73–1.86) | 0.52 | 1.19 (0.71–2.00) | 0.51 | ||
Past PM (mild-mod) (90) | 70/976 (7.2%) | 0.81 (0.55–1.20) | 0.29 | 0.87 (0.58–1.31) | 0.50 | ||
Past PM (severe) (17) | 31/191 (16.2%) | 1.80 (1.08–2.99) | 0.02 | 2.24 (1.34–3.74) | 0.002 | ||
Female | No PM (183) | 207/2206 (9.4%) | Reference group | Reference group | |||
Active PM (33) | 32/360 (8.9%) | 0.97 (0.57–1.66) | 0.91 | 1.05 (0.61–1.83) | 0.85 | ||
Past PM (mild-mod) (91) | 84/1017 (8.3%) | 0.90 (0.61–1.31) | 0.57 | 0.79 (0.53–1.17) | 0.24 | ||
Past PM (severe) (29) | 31/351 (8.6%) | 0.90 (0.54–1.51) | 0.70 | 0.86 (0.48–1.52) | 0.60 | ||