Phases | Preventive treatment | Radical treatment | Presumptive treatment |
---|---|---|---|
Phase 1: Baseline survey and preliminary control, 1949–1959 | Due to shortage of drug resources, any available antimalarial drugs such as quinacrine hydrochloride, quinine sulfate, paludrine or plasmoquine were administrated once a week during this phase [7, 12]. | – | Any available antimalarial drugs were given to people with enlarged spleens and a history of malaria symptoms 6 months prior to house visit by the local health care workers [5]. |
Phase 2: Epidemic control, 1960–1979, | 50 mg pyrimethamine once every 10–15 days [12, 14]. 50 mg cyclochloroguanidum once every 10–15 days [14]. Drug salt of 4–6.5 mg pyrimethamine daily [7, 23]. 600 mg chloroquine once every 20–30 days [7]. 300 mg chloroquine once every 7–10 day [7]. 45 mg primaquine once every 20–30 days [18]. 4 tablets of sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (S250mg and P17.5 mg/tablet) once every 10 days [18]. 4 tablets of sulfadoxine–piperaquine (S50mg and PPQ 150 mg/tablet) once every 20 days [18]. 25 mg pyrimethamine plus 300 mg chloroquine once every 15 days [21]. | 50 mg pyrimethamine plus 30 mg primaquine once a month [15]. 100 mg pyrimethamine for 2 days (50 mg/d) plus 180 mg primaquine for 8 days (22.5 mg/d) [7, 16, 18]. 50 mg pyrimethamine for 2 days (50 mg/d) plus 90 mg primaquine for 4 days (22.5 mg/d) [18]. 1200 mg chloroquine for 3 days (600 mg/d1, 300 mg/d2-3 each) plus 180 mg primaquine for 8 days (22.5 mg/d) [7]. 1500 mg chloroquine for 3 days (600 mg/d1, 450 mg/d2-3 each) plus 180 mg primaquine for 8 days (22.5 mg/d) [13]. | 100 mg pyrimethamine for 2 days (50 mg/d) plus 90 mg primaquine for 8 days (22.5 mg/d) for mass presumptive treatment in pre-transmission season [18]. |
Phase 3: Further reduction of malaria burden, 1980-1999 | 2 tablets of sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) once every 15 days [24, 26]. 4 tablets of SP once a month [28,29,30, 48]. 2 tablets of SP once every 10–15 days [31]. 4 tablets of sulfadoxine–piperaquine (S-PPQ) once every 20 days [28,29,30]. 300 mg or 600 mg chloroquine once a week [31]. 600 mg piperaquine once a month [31]. 50 mg pyrimethamine once every 15 days [31]. 25 mg or 50 mg nivaquine once every 15 days [31]. | 4 tablets of SP plus 22.5 mg primaquine once a day for 4 days [27]. 1500 mg chloroquine for 3 days (600 mg/d1, 450 mg/d2-3 each) plus 90 mg primaquine for 4 days (22.5 mg/d) [31]. 1500 mg chloroquine for 3 days (600 mg/d1, 450 mg/d2-3 each) plus 180 mg primaquine for 8 days (22.5 mg/d) [31]. 180 mg primaquine for 8 days (22.5 mg/d) to clear P. vivax with long incubation periods [27]. 50 mg pyrimethamine once a day for 2 days plus 22.5 mg primaquine once a day for 5 days [20]. 15 mg primaquine once a day for 10 days [19]. | 1500 mg chloroquine for 3 days (600 mg/d1, 450 mg/d2-3 each) plus 22.5 mg primaquine once a day for 4 days in pre-transmission season [27]. 600 mg chloroquine plus 22.5 mg primaquine once in spring season [27]. |
Phase 4: Consolidation, 2000–2009 | Targets: only people at high risk 600 mg PPQ once a month [26,27,28,29,30,31, 46]. 300 mg chloroquine once every 7-10 days [28]. | Targets: only suspected malaria cases. 22.5 mg primaquine once a day for 8 days [26,27,28,29,30,31]. 1200 mg chloroquine for 3 days (600 mg/d1, 300 mg/d2-3 each) plus 180 mg primaquine for 8 days (22.5 mg/d) [26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33]. 1500 mg chloroquine for 3 days (600 mg/d1, 450 mg/d2-3 each) plus 180 mg primaquine for 8 days (22.5 mg/d) [29, 32, 33]. | Targets: febrile patients 1200 mg chloroquine for 3 days (600 mg/d1, 300 mg/d2-3 each) plus 90 mg primaquine for 4 days (22.5 mg/d) [31, 32]. 600 mg chloroquine for one day in P. vivax endemic areas, 600 mg PPQ in P. falciparum and mixed endemic areas. In case of presumptive treatment worked, a standard treatment followed [27].2880 mg dihydroartemisinin (40 mg/tablet)-piperaquine phosphate (320 mg/tablet) for 3 days [13, 26, 28]. |
Phase 5: Elimination, 2010- | Targets: only people being travel to endemic areas of other countries | Targets: people with a history of P.vivax and P. ovale infections last year | None recommended |