Fig. 4

Prophylactic/curative Moringa treatment increased activated effector CD4⁺ T cell numbers, cytokine secretion, and Tbet expression in post-infection mice. Mice were fed high dose Moringa pellets (60 mg/mouse) for 7 days pre-infection or post-infection, including respective controls without Moringa treatment. Mice were infected with a 1x10⁵ dose of P. chabaudi AS, and sacrificed at day 9 post-infection. Graphs show a Percent parasitaemia, b Number of activated effector CD4⁺ T cells identified as CD4⁺CD11a⁺CD44^hiCD62L^lo. Numbers of c IFNγ and d TNF producing CD4⁺ T cells determined using intracellular cytokine staining and analysed using flow cytometry. e Percent and f number of Tbet expression by CD4 T cells determined using flow cytometry. Data represents an average of 5 mice per group from a representative experiment of 2 independent experiments and error bars represent SEM. Significance was determined by One-Way ANOVA followed by comparisons between individual groups. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Pre Moringa treatment before infection, Post Moringa treatment after infection, Control No Moringa treatment but infected, Uninf Moringa treatment but not infected control, L.O.D limit of detection