Fluorochrome (Maximum excitation/emission) | Plasmodium species | Process | Characteristics of assay | Applications | References | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combination with RNA-binding fluorochrome | Cell fixation | % Lowest parasitemia | Staging intraerythrocytic development | Gametocyte detection | Merozoite invasion assay | Antimalarial drug assay | |||
Cell membrane permeable | |||||||||
Hoechst 33,258 (350/461 nm) | Falciparum | None | Yes | 0.001% (estimated from number of leukocyte) | No | ND | ND | ND | [35] |
Acridine orange | Falciparum | None | Yes | Comparable to microscopic examination | Yes | ND | ND | Yes | [54] |
DNA: 500/526 | |||||||||
RNA: 460/650 | |||||||||
Hoechst 33,342 (350/461 nm) | Falciparum vivax & berghei | Dihydroethidium | No | 0.02% | Yes | ND | ND | Yes | [44] |
ViSafe Green (488/520) | Falciparum | None | No | 0.001% | Yes | Yes | ND | Yes | [61] |
Cell membrane impermeable | |||||||||
Propidium iodide (351/617 nm) | Falciparum | None | Yes | 7.5% | Yes | ND | Yes | Yes | |
PicoGreen | None | Yes | 0.1% | ND | ND | ND | Yes | [75] | |
SYBR Green I (497/520 nm) | None | Yes | ND | Yes | ND | Yes | Yes | [53] | |
YOYO-1 (488/520–530 nm) | None | Yes | ND | Yes | ND | ND | Yes | [73] |