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Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

From: Genetic variation in the immune system and malaria susceptibility in infants: a nested case–control study in Nanoro, Burkina Faso

Variables

Malaria infection

Clinical malaria

Cases (527)

Controls (129)

P-value

Cases (N = 411)

Controls (N = 245)

P-value

Maternal characteristics

 Age (years, mean ± SD)

26.5 ± 6.3

26.2 ± 6.2

0.641

26.4 ± 6.2

26.4 ± 6.3

0.988

Gravidity (no. (%))

  

0.176

  

0.250

  Primigravida

88 (16.7)

25 (19.4)

 

69 (16.8)

44 (18.0)

 

  Secundigravida

92 (17.5)

14 (10.8)

 

74 (18.0)

32 (13.0)

 

  Multigravida

347 (65.8)

90 (69.8)

 

268 (65.2)

169 (69.0)

 

 MiP preventive strategy

  Standard IPTp-SP

262 (49.7)

70 (54.3)

0.355

212 (51.6)

120 (49.0)

0.520

  CSST/IPTp-SP

265 (50.3)

59 (45.7)

 

199 (48.4)

125 (51.0)

 

 SP doses uptake

  < 3 doses

283 (53.7)

52 (40.3)

0.006

223 (54.3)

112 (45.7)

0.034

  ≥ 3 doses

244 (46.3)

77 (59.7)

 

188 (45.7)

133 (54.3)

 

 ITN usagea

413 (78.4)

108 (83.7)

0.152

326 (79.3)

195 (79.6)

0.934

 Infant’s characteristics

Birth season [no. in malaria high-transmission season (%)]

323 (61.3)

84 (65.1)

0.422

242 (58.9)

165 (67.4)

0.031

 Gender [no. females (%)]

272 (51.6)

64 (49.6)

0.684

201 (48.9)

135 (55.1)

0.125

 LBW (< 2500 g) (no. (%))

45 (8.5)

6 (4.6)

0.140

40 (9.7)

11 (4.5)

0.015

 PME (no. (%))

  

 < 0.001

  

0.021

  Active PM

113 (23.7)

16 (13.8)

 

87 (23.1)

42 (19.4)

 

  Past PM

223 (46.8)

43 (37.0)

 

177 (47.1)

89 (41.0)

 

  MPI

53 (11.1)

19 (16.4)

 

47 (12.5)

25 (11.5)

 

  Non-exposed

88 (18.4)

38 (32.8)

 

65 (17.3)

61 (28.1)

 

 Ethnicity [no. (%)]

  

0.443

  

0.410

  Mossi

471 (89.4)

122 (94.6)

 

366 (89.1)

227 (92.7)

 

  Gourounsi

52 (9.9)

6 (4.6)

 

42 (10.2)

16 (6.5)

 

  Fulani

3 (0.6)

1 (0.8)

 

2 (0.5)

2 (0.8)

 

Samo

1 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

 

1 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

 

 Haemoglobinb

  AA

293 (56.8)

75 (58.6)

0.960

235 (58.3)

133 (55.2)

0.428

  AC

137 (26.5)

34 (26.6)

 

100 (24.8)

71 (29.5)

 

  AS

67 (13.0)

16 (12.5)

 

53 (13.2)

30 (12.4)

 

  SC

12 (2.3)

2 (1.5)

 

8 (2.0)

6 (2.5)

 

  SS

7 (1.4)

1 (0.8)

 

7 (1.7)

1 (0.4)

 
  1. PME prenatal malaria exposure, PM Placental malaria, MPI maternal peripheral infection during pregnancy, IPTp-SP Intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine, CSST/IPTp-SP community based-scheduled screening and treatment of malaria in addition to the standard IPTp-SP
  2. aITN usage the last night before delivery
  3. bHaemoglobin genotyping was successful for 644 (98.2%) with a total of 516 infants who experienced P. falciparum infection while 403 developed a clinical case