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Table 1 Characteristics of the respondents

From: Malaria rapid diagnostic test (HRP2/pLDH) positivity, incidence, care accessibility and impact of community WASH Action programme in DR Congo: mixed method study involving 625 households

Characteristics of respondents

 

Control site

WASH action site

All respondents

 

n = 309 (%)

n = 316 (%)

N = 625 (%)

Gender (%)

 Male

71 (23)

111 (35.1)

182 (29)

 Female

238 (77) *

205 (64.9) *

444 (71)

Age (years; mean ± SD)

 24–50

33.71 ± 8.74

33.86 ± 8.48

33.73 ± 8.68

 51–98

60.17 ± 8.51

62.73 ± 9.25

61.27 ± 8.88

Marita status

 Married

205 (66.3)

209 (66.1)

414 (66.2)

 Divorced

22 (7.1)

21 (6.7)

43 (6.9)

 Widower

32 (10.4)

15 (4.7)

47 (7.5)

 Single with child/children

28 (9.1)

37 (11.7)

65 (10.4)

 Single without child

22 (7.1)

34 (10.8)

56 (8.9)

Education

 No education

19 (6.1)

45 (14.2)

64 (10.2)

 Primary

37 (12)

48 (15.2)

85 (13.6)

 High school

203 (65.7)

201 (65)

404 (64.6)

 College/university

40 (12.9)

14 (4.5)

54 (8.6)

 Technical/professional school

10 (3.2)

8 (2.5)

18 (3)

Smoking status

 Never smoked

306 (99)

284 (89.9)

590 (94.4)

 Has quit (> 36 months)

0 (0.0)

15 (4.7)

15 (2.4)

 Yes

3 (1)

17 (5.4)

20 (3.2)

Alcohol consumption

 Never

257 (83.1) *

207 (65.5)

464 (74.2)

 Has quit (over 36 months)

 

15 (4.7)

22 (3.5)

 At most 2 glasses/day

7 (2.3)

53 (16.8)

73 (11.7)

 More than 2 glasses/day

20 (6.5)

25 (8.1)

41 (13)

66(10.6)

Physical activity (≥ 20 min 2x/week)

 No

209 (67.6)

105 (33.2)

316 (50.6)

 Yes

100 (32.4)

211 (66.8)

309 (49.41)

Characteristics of the households

Household characteristics

Control site

(Kasangulu)

WASH action site

(Mbanza-Ngungu)

All households

 

n = 309 (%)

N = 316 (%)

N = 625 (%)

Sociodemographic characteristics

 Household/family size

  1–5

126 (40.8)

152 (48.1)

278 (44.5)

  6–10

153 (49.5)

148 (46.8)

301 (48.2)

   ≥ 11

30 (9.7)

16 (5.1)

46 (7.4)

  Monthly income (US$) < 100

221 (44.38)

277 (55.62)

498 (79.68)

  100 or higher

79 (62.20)

48 (37.80)

127 (20.32)

 WASH status/ cleanliness of residential environment

 Latrine type (n = 603)

  Appropriate with flushing system

8 (2.6)

5 (1.6)

13 (2.1)

  Appropriate with manual watering system

47 (15.2)

99 (31.3)

146 (23)

  Inappropriate but covered

68 (22)

54 (17.1)

122 (19.5)122 (19.5)

  Inappropriate and uncovered

177 (57.3)

126 (39.9)

303 (48.5)

  No latrine

5 (1.6)

14 (4.4)

19 (3)

  Other/ no answer

4 (1.3)

11 (3.5)

22 (3.5)

 Shared latrine? (n = 625)

  Yes

49 (22.69)

167 (77.31) *

216 (34.56)

  No

260 (63.73)

149 (36.43)

409 (65.44)

 Ecological feature of residence area

  Proximity to river

42 (13.6)

17 (5.4)

59 (9.4)

  Proximity to/residence on mountain/hill

20 (6.5)

4 (1.3)

24 (3.8)

  Proximity to garden, grass/bush

66 (21.3)

88 (27.8)

154 (24.6)

  Proximity—stagnant water spot

54 (17.5)

92 (29.1)

146 (23.4)

  Proximity or residence in slum

20 (6.5)

15 (4.7)

35 (5.6)

  Proximity to river and mountain

38 (12.3)

4 (1.3)

42 (6.7)

  Proximity—river and slum

49 (15.8)

20 (6.3)

69 (11)

  Nothing particular

11 (3.6)

64 (20.2)

75 (12)

  Other/no answer

9 (2.9)

12 (3.8)

21 (3.4)

 Periodic cleansing in residential area

 Yes

5 (11.6)

10 (3.2)

15 (2.4)

 No

304 (98.4)

296 (95.8)

610 (97.6)

 Other/no answer

0 (0)

3 (1)

0 (0)

 Cleanliness of residential area

  Good

135 (43.7)

13 (4.1)

148 (23.6)

  Acceptable

139 (45)

222 (70.3)

361 (57.8)

  Not acceptable

35 (11.3)

81 (25.6)

116 (18.6)

  Other/no answer

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

Frequency of mosquito bites

  High frequency

86 (27.8)

134 (42.4)*

220 (35.2)

  Moderate

184 (59.5)

153 (48.4)

337 (53.9)

  No bite or rare

38 (12.3)

29 (9.2)

67 (10.7)

  Other/no answer

1 (0.3)

0 (0)

1 (0.2)

  1. *p value less than 0.05