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Table 1 Previous studies about the efficacy of mosquito repellents, repellent-based controlled release devices and repellent-based products available on the market against mosquitoes

From: Mosquito‐repellent controlled‐release formulations for fighting infectious diseases

Controlled-release devices

Polymeric material

Repellent

Preparation method

Reference

Microporous polymer

 Microporous polymer

HDPE/EVA

DEET

TIPS method by Electrospining

[13]

 Microporous polymer

LLDPE and EVA/clay nanocomposite

DEET and Icaridin

Thermally Induced Phase Separation method

[14]

 Microporous polymer

LLDPE

Citronellal

Thermally Induced Phase Separation method

[117]

 Microporous polymer

PLA

DEET

Thermally Induced Phase Separation method

[123]

 Microporous polymer

Cellulose acetate or polyvinylpyrrolidone micro/nanofibrous matrices

Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) oil

Electrospining

[177]

 Microporous polymer

Bio-degradable polymer (PLA/PBAT)

Pine (Pinus sylvestris) essential oil

Thermally Induced Phase Separation method

[178]

Nanoemulsions/microemulsion

 Nanoemulsion

Montanov®82 (a mixture of cetearyl alcohol and cocoyl glucoside)

Citronella (C. nardus) oil

High-pressure homogenization

[56]

 Nanoemulsion

Montanov®82 (a mixture of cetearyl alcohol and cocoyl glucoside)

Citronella (C. nardus) oil, hairy basil (Ocimum americanum) oil and vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) oil

High-pressure homogenization

[55]

 Nanoemulsion

Tween 20 [polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate]

Neem seed (Azadirachta indica) oil

Ultrasonication

[50]

 Nanoemulsion

Sorbitane trioleate and polyoxyethylene (20) oleyl ether with mean HLB number 1.8 and 15.0

D-limonene

Ultrasonication

[179]

 Nanoemulsion

Tween 80 (HLB = 15) and SPAN 80 (HLB = 4.3)

Citronella (C. nardus) oil

Ultrasonication

[57]

 Nanoemulsion

Polyethylene glycol sorbitan monooleate (Tween® 80) and sorbitan monooleate (Span® 80)

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil

Ultrasonication

[180]

 Nanoemulsion

EL-20, EL-40, EL-60, and EL-80 [polyoxyethylene (20, 40, 60, and 80)

D-limonene

Phase transition composition

[58]

 Nanoemulsion

Poloxamer 407

Eugenol and thymol

High-energy stirring

[61]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Gelatin and Gum arabic

Citronella (C. nardus) oil

Complex coacervation

[31]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Copolymer poly(maleic anhydride-st-methyl vinyl ether − MAMVE)

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) oil

Interfacial polycondensation

[181]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Gelatin and ethyl cellulose

Zanthoxylum limonella oil

Emulsion solvent evaporation

[182]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Polysaccharide

DEET

Interfacial precipitation

[37]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)

DEET

Interfacial polymerization

[36]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Gelatin and Gum arabic

Citronella (C. nardus) oil

Complex coacervation

[32]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Polyurethane

Citronella (C. nardus) oil

Interfacial polymerization

[30]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), gum arabic (GA) and whey protein isolate/maltodextrin (WPI/MD)

Neem seed (A. indica) oil

Spray drying

[28]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Acacia gum

Citronella (C. nardus) oil

Spray drying

[183]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Gelatin

Citronella (C. nardus) oil

Simple coacervation

[33]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Polyurethane

DEET

Interfacial polycondensation

[44]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Polyester

Citronella (C. nardus) oil

Complex coacervation

[43]

 Polymeric nano/microcapsules

Ethyl cellulose shell

Limonene

Simple coacervation

[34]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Cetyl alcohol core/PEG 3350 and carboxymethylcellulose wall

DEET and Essential (Alpinia galangal, Citrus grandis and Citrus aurantifolia) oil

Interfacial polymerization

[184]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Polyurea and Polyurethane

DEET

Interfacial polymerization

[185]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Polyurea (PU) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)

DEET

Interfacial polymerization and Solvent evaporation

[186]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Polysaccharides

DEET

Interfacial precipitation

[38]

 Polymeric microcapsules

Carboxymethylated Tamarind Gum

Citronella (C. nardus) oil

Spray drying

[29]

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Compritol 888 ATO as lipid and Poloxamer 188

Essential Oil

High-pressure homogenization

[71]

 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Tween® 20

DEET

Melt-dispersion

[70]

 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)

Garlic (Allium sativum) essential oil

Melt-dispersion

[72]

 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Tween® 80 (polysorbate 80, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate)

Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) essential oil

Ultrasonic-solvent emulsification

[68]

 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Tween® 80 (polysorbate 80, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate)

Geranium (P. graveolens) essential oil

Ultrasonic-solvent emulsification

[66]

Cyclodextrins

 Cyclodextrin

β-cyclodextrin

Citrus sinensis essential oil (CSEO)

Paste complexation and Co-precipitation

[83]

 Cyclodextrin

β-cyclodextrin

Citronella (C. nardus) oil, Citronellal and Citronellol

Kneading

[86]

 Cyclodextrin

γ-cyclodextrin

DEET

Paste complexation

[187]

 Cyclodextrin

β-cyclodextrin

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oil

Mixing and heating,

[188]

 Cyclodextrin

β-cyclodextrin

Limonene

Conventional impregnation

and coating

[80]

 Cyclodextrin

β-cyclodextrin

Geraniol and Linalool

Physical mixture, Slurry complexation and Paste complexation

[189]

 Cyclodextrin

β-cyclodextrin

Carvacrol and Linalool

Kneading

[190]

 Cyclodextrin

β-cyclodextrin

Citronella (C. nardus) oil

Mixing and heating

[88]

 Polymeric micelles

Poloxamer 407 (Pluronic® F127)a

Essential oil components (EOCs)

High-energy stirring

[79]

 Polymeric micelles

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)

Diethylphenylacetamide (DEPA)

Polymerization followed by Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) emulsification method

[78]

 Polymeric micelles

Poloxamer 407 (Pluronic® F127)

DEET

High-speed Homogenizer

[77]

 Polymeric micelles

Poloxamer 407 (Pluronic® F127)

IR3535

High-speed Homogenizer

[191]

  1. *The repellents-based on controlled release formulations were prepared in the laboratory and evaluated against different species of mosquitoes. Therefore, the manufacture names were provided only for the repellents-products or wearable devices commercially available on the market.