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Fig. 4 | Malaria Journal

Fig. 4

From: Activity of Plasmodium vivax promoter elements in Plasmodium knowlesi, and a centromere-containing plasmid that expresses NanoLuc throughout the parasite life cycle

Fig. 4

Bioluminescent P. knowlesi transformants complete the parasite life cycle in vivo. A Development of blood stage parasitaemia in a splenectomized non-naïve rhesus macaque (rhesus #1) infected with pvcen-pvhsp70-D-NanoLuc-transformed P. knowlesi. The red arrows indicate when mosquito feedings were performed; blue arrows indicate administration of chloroquine (50 mg/kg, oral). B Counts of oocysts in the mosquito midgut 7 days after blood feeding. C NanoLuc activities from midguts isolated from Feed #2 infected mosquitoes. D NanoLuc activities from sporozoites isolated from mosquitoes 10 days after either Feed #1 or Feed #2 on rhesus macaque DCID. E Blood stage parasitaemia developed in a splenectomized non-naïve rhesus macaque (rhesus #2) after bites of mosquitoes carrying infectious sporozoites. The blue arrows indicate chloroquine treatments (50 mg/kg, oral). F Copy numbers of the NanoLuc coding sequence relative to those of the single-copy P. knowlesi aldolase gene in blood-stage parasites from in vitro cultures and from blood samples of rhesus monkeys #1 and #2. Copy number results from each sample are presented relative to the copy number of pvcen-pvhsp70-D-NanoLuc-transformed P. knowlesi parasites cultivated under WR99210 selection pressure (black): cultivated parasites maintained 14 days in vitro without drug pressure (gray); parasites from rhesus #1 (blue); parasites from rhesus #2 (red). Error bars represent standard error of the mean; LUs, Luminescence units

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